Kohlberg asked participants whether a man named Heinz should steal a drug he could not afford in order to save his dying wife.
Missing Word
Heinz
The Heinz dilemma is Kohlberg's best-known moral dilemma. He used it to classify people's moral development by the reasoning behind their answers.
Category: Stage Theories
Question 2
Erikson proposed 8 psychosocial stages, each built around a social conflict, from trust versus mistrust in infancy to integrity versus despair in old age.
Missing Word
8
Erikson described eight stages across the whole lifespan, each with a task that must be met. Unlike Freud, he believed development continues through adulthood.
Category: Stage Theories
Question 3
In Freud's theory, the oral stage is the first psychosexual stage, when an infant's pleasure centers on the mouth through sucking and feeding.
Missing Word
oral
Freud named the oral stage after the mouth, the focus of pleasure in infancy. It is followed by the anal, phallic, latency and genital stages.
Category: Stage Theories
Question 4
During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, from birth to about age 2, infants learn about the world through their senses and physical actions.
Missing Word
sensorimotor
The sensorimotor stage is Piaget's first stage. Its key achievement is object permanence, the understanding that things exist even when out of sight.
Category: Stage Theories
Question 5
A zygote is the single cell formed at conception when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
Missing Word
zygote
The zygote begins dividing by mitosis right away. During the germinal stage it travels to the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall.
Category: Prenatal Development
Question 6
The placenta is the organ that forms during pregnancy and passes oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to the developing fetus.
Missing Word
placenta
The placenta forms in the embryonic stage and connects to the developing child through the umbilical cord. It can also let teratogens such as alcohol and some drugs pass through.
Category: Prenatal Development
Question 7
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation procedure to classify infants' attachment to a caregiver.
Missing Word
Ainsworth
Ainsworth observed how infants reacted when a caregiver left and returned. She identified secure, avoidant and resistant attachment, and disorganized attachment was added later.
Category: Infancy and Childhood
Question 8
John Bowlby's attachment theory holds that infants need a close emotional bond with a primary caregiver for healthy development.
Missing Word
Bowlby
Bowlby proposed that a responsive caregiver serves as a secure base from which a child can explore. His work laid the groundwork for Ainsworth's research.
Category: Infancy and Childhood
Question 9
Diana Baumrind identified parenting styles such as authoritative, authoritarian and permissive by studying how parents balance warmth with demands.
Missing Word
Baumrind
Baumrind's research classified parents by how responsive and how demanding they are. Her authoritative style, combining warmth with reasonable rules, has been linked to positive outcomes for children in the United States.
Category: Infancy and Childhood
Question 10
Before speaking their first words, infants go through a period of babbling, repeating consonant and vowel sounds such as ba-ba and da-da.
Missing Word
babbling
Babbling follows cooing and comes before first words, which usually appear around 12 months. It is a normal step in language development across cultures.
Category: Infancy and Childhood
Question 11
Noam Chomsky proposed that humans are born with a language acquisition device that prepares them to learn language.
Missing Word
Chomsky
Chomsky argued that language ability is largely innate, in contrast to Skinner's view that it is learned through reinforcement. Most psychologists now see both biology and experience as contributing.
Category: Infancy and Childhood
Question 12
Menarche is a girl's first menstrual period, which usually occurs around ages 12 to 13.
Missing Word
Menarche
Menarche is a key event of puberty for girls. The comparable event for boys is spermarche, the first ejaculation.
Category: Adolescence and Adulthood
Question 13
Menopause is the end of menstrual cycles and fertility, and it typically occurs around age 50.
Missing Word
Menopause
Menopause is one of the physical changes of middle adulthood. It marks the end of a woman's ability to become pregnant naturally.
Category: Adolescence and Adulthood
Question 14
In Kübler-Ross's model of grief, bargaining is the stage in which a dying person tries to make a deal, often with God, for more time.
Missing Word
bargaining
Kübler-Ross described five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. Not everyone experiences all of them or in the same order.
Category: Death and Dying
Question 15
Cicely Saunders founded the first modern hospice in England in 1967 to give dying patients pain relief and comfort in a humane setting.
Missing Word
hospice
Hospice care aims for a death with dignity, focusing on comfort rather than cure, and usually takes place outside a hospital. The first hospice in the United States opened in 1974.
Category: Death and Dying