The view that behavior is driven mainly by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament, rather than by the situation is called dispositionism.
Missing Word
dispositionism
Dispositionism locates the causes of behavior inside the person. It contrasts with situationism, which emphasizes the immediate environment, and modern social psychology considers both.
Category: Social Thinking
Question 2
An attitude is an evaluation, usually favorable or unfavorable, of a person, object or idea, with affective, behavioral and cognitive parts.
Missing Word
attitude
An attitude combines feelings, beliefs and tendencies to act toward its target. Attitudes can change through persuasion or through the effort to reduce cognitive dissonance.
Category: Attitudes and Persuasion
Question 3
Solomon Asch studied conformity by having participants judge which of three lines matched a target line while confederates gave wrong answers.
Missing Word
Asch
Asch's line studies showed that many people go along with a clearly wrong group answer at least once. Conformity rose with the size of the majority and fell sharply when one other person dissented.
Category: Conformity and Group Behavior
Question 4
Stanley Milgram's shock experiments measured obedience, carrying out the direct commands of an authority figure even when they conflict with one's conscience.
Missing Word
obedience
Obedience is changing one's behavior in response to an order from someone with authority. Milgram found that many ordinary people obeyed instructions to deliver what they believed were painful shocks.
Category: Conformity and Group Behavior
Question 5
Being anonymous in a large crowd can lower self-awareness and personal accountability, a state called deindividuation.
Missing Word
deindividuation
Deindividuation describes the loss of self-awareness that can occur when people feel anonymous in a group. It is often used to explain mob behavior, although research findings on it are mixed.
Category: Conformity and Group Behavior
Question 6
A stereotype is an overgeneralized belief about members of a group that ignores individual differences among them.
Missing Word
stereotype
A stereotype is the cognitive component of bias, a belief applied to everyone in a group. It can feed prejudice, the feeling, and discrimination, the behavior.
Category: Prejudice and Discrimination
Question 7
Ageism is prejudice and discrimination directed at people because of how old they are.
Missing Word
Ageism
Ageism often portrays older adults as slow, weak or incompetent, though it can also target younger adults. Like racism and sexism, it involves both negative attitudes and unfair treatment.
Category: Prejudice and Discrimination
Question 8
In the jigsaw classroom, students from different backgrounds work in groups where each member holds one piece of the material that everyone needs.
Missing Word
jigsaw
The jigsaw classroom, developed by Elliot Aronson, makes students depend on one another to succeed. This cooperative interdependence has been found to reduce prejudice between groups.
Category: Prejudice and Discrimination
Question 9
Repeated, intentional harm carried out through texts, social media and other electronic communication is called cyberbullying.
Missing Word
cyberbullying
Cyberbullying includes spreading rumors, making threats and teasing online. Because it can be anonymous and constant, victims may feel helpless, and it is linked to higher risk of anxiety, depression and suicidal thoughts.
Category: Aggression and Helping
Question 10
Altruism is helping others even when the costs to oneself outweigh any benefits one might receive.
Missing Word
Altruism
Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior motivated by concern for others. Researchers still debate whether purely altruistic helping exists or whether all helping offers some benefit to the helper.
Category: Aggression and Helping
Question 11
Empathy is the capacity to take another person's perspective and to feel what that person is feeling.
Missing Word
Empathy
Empathy goes beyond understanding someone's situation to sharing their emotional experience. Some researchers argue it is a key motive for helping others.
Category: Aggression and Helping
Question 12
In Sternberg's triangular theory, commitment is the component of love that reflects a choice to stay with a partner and maintain the relationship over time.
Missing Word
commitment
Commitment is the long-term, choice-based part of love in Sternberg's model. On its own, without closeness or physical attraction, it produces what he called empty love.
Category: Attraction and Love
Question 13
Homophily is the tendency to form friendships, marriages and business ties with people who are similar to oneself.
Missing Word
Homophily
Homophily reflects the strong pull of similarity in relationships. A drawback is that surrounding oneself with similar people can limit exposure to different perspectives.
Category: Attraction and Love
Question 14
In Sternberg's triangular theory, the component of love that involves sharing thoughts and feelings and feeling emotionally close is intimacy.
Missing Word
intimacy
Intimacy is one of the three components in Sternberg's model of love. Intimacy alone produces what he called liking.
Category: Attraction and Love
Question 15
Reciprocity, the give-and-take in a relationship, helps explain why people tend to like those who like them in return.
Missing Word
Reciprocity
Reciprocity means people expect to receive benefits in return for what they give in a relationship. Feeling liked by someone makes people more likely to like that person back.
Category: Attraction and Love