Walter Cannon saw the fight-or-flight response as a way for the body to restore homeostasis, its stable internal balance.
Missing Word
homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to keep internal conditions, such as temperature and blood chemistry, within a stable range. Cannon viewed emergency arousal as an adaptive way to protect that balance.
Category: Stress Physiology
Question 2
The endocrinologist Hans Selye developed the general adaptation syndrome after observing stress responses in laboratory rats.
Missing Word
Selye
Hans Selye is known as a pioneer of stress research. His general adaptation syndrome describes the body's alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages.
Category: Stress Physiology
Question 3
In the HPA axis, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing factor, which signals the pituitary gland to release ACTH.
Missing Word
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus starts the HPA chain. Its signal causes the pituitary to release ACTH, which in turn prompts the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol.
Category: Stress Physiology
Question 4
Psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a rating scale that assigns point values to major life events that require readjustment.
Missing Word
Rahe
Richard Rahe and Thomas Holmes created the Social Readjustment Rating Scale in the 1960s to study whether accumulated life changes raise the risk of illness.
Category: Sources of Stress
Question 5
Christina Maslach is the researcher best known for defining job burnout as exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment.
Missing Word
Maslach
Christina Maslach, with Susan Jackson, developed the leading definition and measure of burnout, a response to prolonged job stress with little reward.
Category: Sources of Stress
Question 6
Telomeres, protective caps of DNA at the ends of chromosomes, have been found to be shorter in people under chronic stress.
Missing Word
Telomeres
Telomeres shorten as cells divide, and very short telomeres are associated with cellular aging. Chronic stress, such as long-term caregiving, is linked to shorter telomeres.
Category: Stress and Illness
Question 7
Hypertension, the medical term for persistently high blood pressure, is a major risk factor for heart disease because it forces the heart to pump harder.
Missing Word
Hypertension
Hypertension is chronically elevated blood pressure, which strains the heart and can lead to heart attack, stroke, or heart failure. Job strain and other chronic stressors are linked to raised blood pressure, which is one way stress contributes to heart disease.
Category: Stress and Illness
Question 8
A reduction in the immune system's effectiveness that leaves a person more open to infection is called immunosuppression.
Missing Word
immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is weakened immune functioning. Chronic stress is one cause, along with certain drugs and diseases such as HIV.
Category: Stress and Illness
Question 9
In an autoimmune disease such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, the body's defense system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells.
Missing Word
autoimmune
Autoimmune diseases occur when immune defenses target the body's own tissue, such as the joints in rheumatoid arthritis or several organs in lupus.
Category: Stress and Illness
Question 10
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough blood is called angina.
Missing Word
angina
Angina is a symptom of coronary heart disease. It signals that narrowed arteries are limiting blood flow to the heart.
Category: Stress and Illness
Question 11
Asthma is a chronic disease in which inflamed airways narrow, and stress and strong emotions can trigger or worsen its attacks.
Missing Word
Asthma
Asthma causes wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Along with environmental triggers such as smoke and allergens, stress and negative emotions are linked to worse airway obstruction.
Category: Stress and Illness
Question 12
Lazarus and Folkman defined coping as the mental and behavioral efforts people use to deal with stress-related problems.
Missing Word
coping
Coping covers everything people think or do to manage stress, and Lazarus and Folkman divided it into problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies.
Category: Coping and Control
Question 13
Attributions, the mental explanations people form for why an event occurred, shape whether they feel helpless or in control after a setback.
Missing Word
Attributions
Attributions are the causes people assign to events. Explaining a bad event as caused by stable, personal, and widespread factors is linked to helplessness and depression, while seeing it as temporary and external supports a sense of control.
Category: Coping and Control
Question 14
In meditation, a word or short phrase repeated silently to focus attention is called a mantra.
Missing Word
mantra
A mantra gives the mind a simple point of focus. Repeating one is a core part of Herbert Benson's relaxation response, which lowers sympathetic arousal.
Category: Coping and Control
Question 15
As president of the American Psychological Association in 1998, Martin Seligman urged psychologists to study human strengths, helping to launch positive psychology.
Missing Word
Seligman
Martin Seligman, earlier known for research on learned helplessness, became a founder of positive psychology, the scientific study of happiness, strengths, and well-being.
Category: Happiness and Well-Being