Both Hugo Münsterberg and Walter Dill Scott trained under Wilhelm Wundt, who founded the first psychology laboratory, before applying psychology to business.
Missing Word
Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig in 1879. Several of his students, including Münsterberg and Scott, went on to found applied fields such as industrial psychology.
Category: History of I-O Psychology
Question 2
Lillian Gilbreth, an engineer and psychologist credited with ideas such as shelves inside refrigerator doors, is often called the mother of modern management.
Missing Word
Gilbreth
Lillian Gilbreth applied efficiency research to homes, offices, and factories and studied worker fatigue. She also wrote The Psychology of Management in 1914.
Category: History of I-O Psychology
Question 3
The engineer Frederick Taylor argued in 1911 that systematically analyzing and redesigning work could raise both productivity and wages, an approach known as scientific management.
Missing Word
Taylor
Frederick Taylor developed scientific management, which studied workflows to find the most efficient way to perform each task. Critics argued it could be used to exploit workers.
Category: History of I-O Psychology
Question 4
The Hawthorne studies, run at a Western Electric plant near Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s, suggested that social and psychological factors affect worker productivity.
Missing Word
Hawthorne
The Hawthorne studies take their name from Western Electric's Hawthorne Works, where researchers found that output changed with workers' attention, relationships, and attitudes, not just physical conditions. Their conclusions helped give rise to organizational psychology, which studies the social side of work.
Category: History of I-O Psychology
Question 5
Kurt Lewin, often called the founder of modern social psychology, coined the term group dynamics and studied how leadership styles affect a group.
Missing Word
Lewin
Kurt Lewin introduced the study of group dynamics, the forces that shape how groups behave, and his research on leadership styles influenced organizational psychology.
Category: History of I-O Psychology
Question 6
In Europe, the field of human factors psychology is commonly called ergonomics.
Missing Word
ergonomics
Ergonomics is the European name for designing tools, equipment, and workspaces to fit the people who use them, the same goal as human factors psychology in the United States.
Category: Human Factors
Question 7
In human factors research, the term vigilance refers to sustained attention during long periods of monitoring for rare but important signals, as in air traffic control.
Missing Word
vigilance
Vigilance is sustained attention during long, monotonous monitoring, and human factors researchers study how it declines over time so that jobs and displays can be designed to support it.
Category: Human Factors
Question 8
Psychologist Robert Yerkes organized the Army Alpha and Army Beta mental ability tests used to screen U.S. Army recruits during World War I.
Missing Word
Yerkes
Robert Yerkes, a president of the American Psychological Association, led the development of the Army Alpha test for literate recruits and the Army Beta test for recruits who could not read English.
Category: History of I-O Psychology
Question 9
Job satisfaction surveys often use a Likert scale, on which respondents rate their agreement with a statement from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
Missing Word
Likert
A Likert scale asks people to rate their agreement along ordered response options, commonly five, and it is the standard format for questionnaires measuring job satisfaction.
Category: Work Attitudes and Culture
Question 10
Low job satisfaction is linked to withdrawal behaviors such as absenteeism, the pattern of frequently missing scheduled work.
Missing Word
absenteeism
Absenteeism is habitual absence from work. Dissatisfied employees are more likely to withdraw from their jobs in this way.
Category: Work Attitudes and Culture
Question 11
A distinct set of norms and values that develops within one department of a larger company is called a subculture.
Missing Word
subculture
A subculture is a smaller culture within a larger organizational culture. Departments such as sales and engineering often develop their own norms while sharing the company's broader values.
Category: Work Attitudes and Culture
Question 12
In Bernard Bass's model, a leader who focuses on supervision and uses rewards and punishments to maintain the status quo, rather than inspiring change, is called transactional.
Missing Word
transactional
Transactional leaders act as managers, exchanging rewards for good performance and correcting poor performance to keep the organization on course. Bass contrasted them with transformational leaders, who inspire followers to pursue change, and research generally finds the transformational approach more effective.
Category: Management and Leadership
Question 13
The research area called followership examines how the traits of the people being led shape which leadership approaches work best.
Missing Word
followership
Followership research treats leadership as a two-way relationship, studying how followers' characteristics, such as extroversion or need for growth, affect leader effectiveness.
Category: Management and Leadership
Question 14
When a company lays off a large share of its staff because it failed to meet profit goals, the process is called downsizing.
Missing Word
downsizing
Downsizing is a deliberate reduction of the workforce through layoffs. It increases job insecurity and can lower commitment among the employees who remain.
Category: Organizational Change
Question 15
When two companies of roughly equal power combine into a single organization, the event is called a merger.
Missing Word
merger
A merger joins organizations of similar strength, while an acquisition is a purchase by a dominant company. Both usually lead to duplicated roles and staff reductions.
Category: Organizational Change