The term psychopathology refers both to the scientific study of psychological disorders and to the way a disorder shows itself in a particular person.
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psychopathology
Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment. The same word is also used for the pattern of symptoms a disorder produces in one individual.
Category: Defining and Diagnosing
Question 2
In epidemiology, the statistic called prevalence is the proportion of a population that has a particular disorder.
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prevalence
Prevalence describes how widespread a disorder is in a population, either at one time or across a lifetime. Lifetime prevalence is the share of people who develop the disorder at some point in their lives.
Category: Defining and Diagnosing
Question 3
Heritability is the degree to which variation in a trait or disorder within a population is due to genetic factors.
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Heritability
Heritability estimates how much of the differences among people in a trait can be traced to genes. For schizophrenia, risk rises as a person's genetic closeness to an affected relative increases.
Category: Defining and Diagnosing
Question 4
Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder marked by intense fear and avoidance of places such as crowds or buses, where escape might be hard if panic symptoms strike.
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Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is fear and avoidance of situations from which escape or help might be difficult, such as public transportation, crowds, or being outside alone. The name comes from Greek words meaning fear of the marketplace.
Category: Anxiety Disorders
Question 5
A diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder requires excessive, hard-to-control worry on more days than not for at least 6 months.
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6
Generalized anxiety disorder requires at least six months of persistent, excessive worry about everyday matters, along with symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, or trouble sleeping. The worry is out of proportion to the actual likelihood of the feared events.
Category: Anxiety Disorders
Question 6
Before DSM-5, the chronic, milder form of depression now called persistent depressive disorder was known as dysthymia.
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dysthymia
Dysthymia was the earlier diagnostic name for long-lasting depressed mood that is usually less severe than major depression. DSM-5 renamed it persistent depressive disorder.
Category: Mood Disorders
Question 7
Elevated levels of cortisol, a hormone released by the adrenal glands during stress, have been linked to depression.
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cortisol
Cortisol is the body's main stress hormone, released by the adrenal glands. Many people with depression have high cortisol levels, though it is unclear whether this is a cause or a result of the disorder.
Category: Mood Disorders
Question 8
Aaron Beck proposed that people prone to depression hold negative schemas, mental frameworks built around themes such as loss, failure, and worthlessness.
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schemas
Schemas are organized mental frameworks that guide how people interpret information. Beck argued that negative schemas, once activated by stress, bias thinking in ways that maintain depression.
Category: Mood Disorders
Question 9
Alogia is a negative symptom of schizophrenia in which the amount of speech is greatly reduced.
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Alogia
Alogia means poverty of speech, giving few or brief replies. It is classed as a negative symptom because it reflects a loss of normal behavior.
Category: Schizophrenia and Dissociation
Question 10
The inability to feel pleasure from activities that are usually enjoyable is called anhedonia.
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anhedonia
Anhedonia is a loss of the capacity for pleasure. It is a negative symptom of schizophrenia and is also closely related to the loss of interest seen in major depression.
Category: Schizophrenia and Dissociation
Question 11
Derealization is a dissociative experience in which the surrounding world or other people seem unreal, foggy, or dreamlike.
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Derealization
Derealization is a sense that one's surroundings are unreal or artificial. Together with feeling detached from oneself, it makes up depersonalization/derealization disorder when episodes recur and cause distress.
Category: Schizophrenia and Dissociation
Question 12
Twin researchers measure concordance, the likelihood that both members of a twin pair share a disorder.
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concordance
Concordance is the rate at which both twins in a pair have the same trait or disorder. Higher concordance in identical twins than in fraternal twins, as seen in autism spectrum disorder and ADHD, points to genetic influence.
Category: Childhood Disorders
Question 13
ADHD and autism spectrum disorder are both classified in DSM-5 as neurodevelopmental disorders.
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neurodevelopmental
Neurodevelopmental disorders are conditions that begin in early development and affect personal, social, academic, or intellectual functioning. They are usually identified in childhood, often before a child starts school.
Category: Childhood Disorders
Question 14
Echolalia, the repeating of words or phrases spoken by another person, is a communication feature sometimes seen in autism spectrum disorder.
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Echolalia
Echolalia is echoing another person's speech, either immediately or after a delay. It is one of the language differences that can accompany the social communication difficulties of autism spectrum disorder.
Category: Childhood Disorders
Question 15
DSM-5 groups the personality disorders into 3 clusters based on shared features.
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3
Personality disorders fall into three clusters: Cluster A (odd or eccentric), Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic), and Cluster C (anxious or fearful). The clusters group disorders that share similar patterns of thinking and behavior.
Category: Personality Disorders