During the Middle Ages, abnormal behavior was often blamed on demonic possession, and religious rituals called exorcisms were performed to drive out evil spirits.
Missing Word
exorcisms
Exorcisms are religious rituals meant to expel spirits from a person. They reflect the supernatural view of psychological disorders that dominated before scientific explanations.
Category: History of Treatment
Question 2
In the 1800s, the American reformer Dorothea Dix exposed the abuse of poor people with mental illness and lobbied legislators to build state hospitals for them.
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Dix
Dorothea Dix campaigned across the United States for humane care of people with mental illness. Her work led to the founding of many state mental hospitals.
Category: History of Treatment
Question 3
In 1963, President John F. Kennedy signed legislation funding community mental health centers, helping to launch deinstitutionalization.
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Kennedy
Kennedy signed the Community Mental Health Act in 1963. The law supported moving care out of large institutions and into local communities.
Category: History of Treatment
Question 4
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, the first form of talk therapy.
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psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis aims to bring repressed impulses and childhood conflicts into awareness through techniques such as free association, dream analysis, and work with transference. It is intensive and can last for years.
Category: Psychodynamic Therapy
Question 5
In Freud's approach, a patient's unconscious blocking of painful material, such as suddenly falling silent or changing the subject during a session, is called resistance.
Missing Word
resistance
Resistance is the patient's unconscious avoidance of threatening thoughts or memories during therapy. Freud believed the ego blocks such material, and the analyst treats the resistance itself as a clue.
Category: Psychodynamic Therapy
Question 6
Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy, which uses the word client instead of patient.
Missing Word
Rogers
Carl Rogers was a founder of humanistic psychology. His client-centered therapy is nondirective and relies on the therapist's acceptance, genuineness, and empathy.
Category: Humanistic Therapy
Question 7
In client-centered therapy, empathy is the therapist's effort to understand and share the client's feelings from the client's own point of view.
Missing Word
empathy
Empathy is one of the core conditions of client-centered therapy, along with unconditional positive regard and genuineness. It helps clients feel understood rather than judged.
Category: Humanistic Therapy
Question 8
Counterconditioning is a behavior therapy technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that once triggered an unwanted behavior.
Missing Word
Counterconditioning
Counterconditioning replaces an old learned response with a new one, such as relaxation in place of fear. Exposure therapy and aversive conditioning are two common forms of it.
Category: Behavior Therapy
Question 9
In systematic desensitization, the client first builds a hierarchy, a ranked list of feared situations from least to most anxiety-provoking.
Missing Word
hierarchy
The hierarchy lets the client face feared situations one step at a time while staying relaxed. The client moves up to the next item only after the current one no longer causes much anxiety.
Category: Behavior Therapy
Question 10
Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy in the 1960s, originally as a treatment for depression.
Missing Word
Beck
Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy helps clients recognize and change distorted, negative thoughts. He began with depression, and the approach has since been applied to many other disorders.
Category: Cognitive Therapy
Question 11
Overgeneralization is a cognitive distortion in which a person draws a sweeping conclusion from a single negative event.
Missing Word
Overgeneralization
Overgeneralization turns one setback into a broad rule, such as deciding after one rejection that no one will ever care. Cognitive therapists help clients notice and challenge thoughts like this.
Category: Cognitive Therapy
Question 12
Traditional antipsychotic drugs reduce hallucinations and delusions by blocking receptors for dopamine.
Missing Word
dopamine
Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most closely tied to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Blocking its receptors reduces those symptoms but can also cause movement side effects.
Category: Biomedical Therapies
Question 13
A return to drug or alcohol use after a period of improvement is called relapse.
Missing Word
relapse
Relapse is common in the treatment of substance-related disorders, which are treated as chronic conditions. Behavior therapy teaches strategies for coping with cravings to help prevent it.
Category: Substance Use and Culture
Question 14
Stigma, the negative labeling and shame attached to mental illness, can keep people from seeking therapy.
Missing Word
Stigma
Stigma is a set of negative attitudes and stereotypes about a group, here people with psychological disorders. Fear of being labeled leads many people, including members of some cultural groups, to avoid treatment.
Category: Substance Use and Culture
Question 15
The sociocultural model views a person's behavior and symptoms in the context of that person's culture and background.
Missing Word
sociocultural
The sociocultural model holds that culture shapes how people experience symptoms, describe distress, and respond to treatment. It underlies the call for culturally competent therapy.
Category: Substance Use and Culture