Physiologist Walter Cannon coined the term homeostasis for the body's tendency to keep its internal environment stable.
Missing Word
homeostasis
Homeostasis keeps conditions such as body temperature and blood glucose within a narrow range. In drive theory, a departure from that balance creates a need, and the resulting drive motivates behavior that restores it.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 2
Abraham Maslow arranged human needs in a hierarchy, with physiological needs at the base and self-actualization near the top.
Missing Word
Maslow
Maslow proposed that lower needs such as food and safety must generally be met before people pursue higher needs. Self-actualization means reaching one's full potential.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 3
Albert Bandura proposed that self-efficacy, a person's belief in their capability to succeed at a task, plays a key role in motivation.
Missing Word
Bandura
Bandura argued that people who believe they can succeed are more willing to attempt hard tasks and to persist. He is also known for research on observational learning.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 4
A worker who puts in extra hours only to earn a year-end bonus is showing extrinsic motivation.
Missing Word
extrinsic
Extrinsic motivation comes from outside rewards such as money, grades or praise. It contrasts with intrinsic motivation, which comes from the satisfaction of the activity itself.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 5
Henry Murray grouped human needs into broad domains, such as ambition, human power and interpersonal affection.
Missing Word
Murray
Murray studied social motives and organized needs such as achievement and affiliation into larger domains. His work influenced later research on why people seek accomplishment and connection.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 6
Anorexia nervosa can cause amenorrhea, the absence of menstrual periods, along with bone loss and heart problems.
Missing Word
amenorrhea
Amenorrhea results from the very low body weight of anorexia nervosa, which disrupts reproductive hormones. It is one of several serious health consequences of the disorder.
Category: Hunger and Eating
Question 7
Gastric banding is one type of bariatric surgery, which alters the digestive system to reduce how much food a person can eat or absorb.
Missing Word
bariatric
Bariatric surgery is generally recommended when diet and exercise have failed or when obesity threatens a person's life. It has been found more effective than nonsurgical treatment in the first years afterward.
Category: Hunger and Eating
Question 8
Alfred Kinsey developed a scale that places sexual orientation on a continuum rather than in separate categories.
Missing Word
Kinsey
The Kinsey scale reflects his finding that sexual behavior and attraction vary along a range. His survey research was influential but has been criticized for sampling and statistical problems.
Category: Sexual Behavior
Question 9
In Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle, resolution is the final phase, when the body returns to an unaroused state.
Missing Word
resolution
The four phases are excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution. Resolution ends the cycle as blood flow and muscle tension return to normal.
Category: Sexual Behavior
Question 10
In an 1872 book, Charles Darwin argued that facial expressions of emotion evolved and are shared across human cultures.
Missing Word
Darwin
Darwin proposed that emotional expressions are inherited adaptations that help communicate internal states. Nearly a century later, cross-cultural research tested and largely supported his idea that some expressions are universal.
Category: Emotional Expression
Question 11
A cisgender person has a gender identity that matches the sex they were assigned at birth.
Missing Word
cisgender
Cisgender describes a match between gender identity and assigned sex. A transgender person has a gender identity that differs from the sex assigned at birth.
Category: Sexual Behavior
Question 12
A person who experiences little or no sexual attraction to others may identify as asexual.
Missing Word
asexual
Asexual describes an orientation marked by little or no sexual attraction. It differs from aromantic, which describes little or no romantic attraction.
Category: Sexual Behavior
Question 13
The limbic system is a group of brain structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that is involved in emotion and memory.
Missing Word
limbic
The amygdala is central to processing fear, and the hippocampus helps link emotional experiences to memory and cognition. Together limbic structures help produce emotional reactions and connect them to what a person remembers.
Category: Emotion and the Brain
Question 14
The thalamus relays incoming sensory information both directly to the amygdala and to higher regions of the cortex.
Missing Word
thalamus
The direct route to the amygdala allows a fast emotional reaction, such as fear, while the slower route through the cortex allows a more detailed evaluation.
Category: Emotion and the Brain
Question 15
Paul Ekman's cross-cultural research found that certain facial expressions of emotion are recognized by people around the world.
Missing Word
Ekman
Ekman showed that expressions such as happiness, sadness, anger and disgust are recognized across very different cultures, supporting the idea that some emotional expressions are universal.
Category: Emotional Expression