Unexpected rewards are less likely than expected rewards to undermine a person's intrinsic motivation.
Correct Answer
True
True. When a reward is not anticipated, people still attribute their behavior to their own interest, so intrinsic motivation tends to stay intact.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 2
Instinct theory gained lasting support because research showed that most complex human behavior is unlearned.
Correct Answer
False
False. Critics of instinct theory pointed out that learning shapes most human behavior, and some behaviors once called instincts turned out to be learned.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 3
According to drive theory, behaviors that successfully reduce a drive become more likely to be repeated when that drive returns, which helps form habits.
Correct Answer
True
True. Drive theory says a physiological need creates a drive, and responses that relieve the drive are strengthened, so they recur the next time the drive appears.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 4
Arousal theory holds that people try to keep their level of arousal as low as possible at all times.
Correct Answer
False
False. Arousal theory holds that people seek an optimal level of arousal, so they look for stimulation when bored and try to calm down when overaroused.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 5
People with strong self-efficacy are more likely to take on challenging tasks and to keep trying after setbacks.
Correct Answer
True
True. Believing in one's ability to succeed encourages people to attempt difficult goals and to persist, which is why self-efficacy is linked to motivation.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 6
In Maslow's hierarchy, esteem needs sit below safety needs and must be met first.
Correct Answer
False
False. Safety needs sit just above physiological needs at the bottom of the hierarchy, and esteem needs sit higher, above love and belonging.
Category: Motivation Theories
Question 7
Stomach contractions and falling blood glucose levels are both signals that contribute to feelings of hunger.
Correct Answer
True
True. An empty stomach contracts, and low blood glucose prompts the pancreas and liver to send chemical signals, and both kinds of message help trigger eating.
Category: Hunger and Eating
Question 8
Body mass index directly measures the percentage of a person's body that is made of fat.
Correct Answer
False
False. BMI is calculated from height and weight, so it cannot tell fat from muscle. It is more useful for studying populations than for judging one person's health.
Category: Hunger and Eating
Question 9
Socioeconomic factors, such as limited access to affordable healthy food, can contribute to weight gain.
Correct Answer
True
True. Body weight reflects environment as well as genes, and factors such as income, food access and safe places to walk influence eating and activity.
Category: Hunger and Eating
Question 10
Women and men are equally likely to develop an eating disorder over their lifetimes.
Correct Answer
False
False. Women are considerably more likely than men to develop an eating disorder, although men develop them too.
Category: Hunger and Eating
Question 11
Binge eating disorder involves recurring episodes of binge eating that cause distress but are not followed by purging.
Correct Answer
True
True. Binge eating disorder is recognized in the DSM-5. The binges bring guilt or embarrassment, which separates it from ordinary overeating, and there is no compensatory purging as in bulimia nervosa.
Category: Hunger and Eating
Question 12
Masters and Johnson gathered their data mainly through anonymous questionnaires about people's sexual histories.
Correct Answer
False
False. Masters and Johnson directly observed sexual activity in the laboratory and recorded physiological measures. Large-scale surveys were Kinsey's method.
Category: Sexual Behavior
Question 13
In males, the refractory period is the time after orgasm during which another orgasm is not possible, and it tends to lengthen with age.
Correct Answer
True
True. The male refractory period can range from minutes to a day or more and generally gets longer with age.
Category: Sexual Behavior
Question 14
Kinsey's surveys concluded that same-sex sexual behavior was extremely rare.
Correct Answer
False
False. Kinsey reported that same-sex sexual behavior was fairly common, one of several findings that made his work controversial.
Category: Sexual Behavior
Question 15
A mood is generally longer lasting and less intense than an emotion and may not be tied to any specific event.
Correct Answer
True
True. An emotion is a relatively brief, intense reaction to something experienced, while a mood is a milder, more lasting state that may not have a clear cause.
Category: Theories of Emotion
Question 16
Zajonc argued that every emotion requires a conscious appraisal before it can be felt.
Correct Answer
False
False. Zajonc argued that some emotions, such as being startled by a loud noise, occur before or apart from any cognitive interpretation.
Category: Theories of Emotion
Question 17
The hippocampus helps integrate emotional experience with cognition, and reduced hippocampal volume has been linked to PTSD.
Correct Answer
True
True. The hippocampus is a limbic structure tied to memory, and people with post-traumatic stress disorder often show a smaller hippocampal volume.
Category: Emotion and the Brain
Question 18
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system produces the racing heart and rapid breathing of the fight-or-flight response.
Correct Answer
False
False. Fight-or-flight arousal, with a faster heart rate, quicker breathing and sweating, comes from the sympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic system calms the body.
Category: Emotion and the Brain
Question 19
The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that facial expressions can influence the emotions a person feels.
Correct Answer
True
True. According to this hypothesis, expressions are not only signs of emotion but can shape it, so smiling or frowning can affect how a person feels.
Category: Emotional Expression
Question 20
Polygraph tests are considered highly valid because lying produces a unique pattern of physiological arousal.
Correct Answer
False
False. A polygraph measures arousal, but no physiological pattern unique to lying has been found, so its validity is highly questionable.
Category: Emotional Expression