Forms forehead, superior orbit, and anterior portion of the cranial cavity; a cranial bone that forms the cranial cavity.
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Frontal sinus
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Air-filled cavity lined with mucous membranes.
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Supraorbital foramen
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Hole within the margin above the orbit (under eyebrows); passageway for nerves and blood vessels.
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Parietal bones
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Pair of bones that form upper lateral sides of the skull (join together at the sagittal suture); cranial bones that form the cranial cavity.
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Temporal bones
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Inferior lateral aspects of the skull; cranial bones that form the cranial cavity.
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External auditory meatus
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Large passageway on the lateral side of skull; ear canal.
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Mandibular fossa
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Deep, oval-shaped depression anterior to external auditory meatus; forms temporomandibular joint, allowing movements of the mandible for mastication and speech.
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Styloid process
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Elongated, downward projection posterior to the mandibular fossa; attachment site for several small muscles and ligaments.
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Mastoid process
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Rounded projection posterior to the auditory meatus; attachment site for several muscles (sternocleidomastoid) that move the head.
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Occipital bone
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Forms posterior and base of cranial cavity; a cranial bone that forms the cranial cavity.
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Foramen magnum
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Large opening at the base of the skull; allows for passage of the spinal cord.
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Occipital condyles
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Smooth, oval-shaped process on each side of the foramen magnum; form joints with the atlas (C1) and thus support the skull on top of the vertebral column.
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Sphenoid bone
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Bone of the central skull; "keystone" of the skull; a cranial bone that forms the cranial cavity.
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Sella turcica
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"Turkish saddle"; houses and protects the Pituitary gland.
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Superior orbital fissure
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"Slit-like" openings at back of the orbits; for blood vessels and nerves.
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Inferior orbital fissure
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"Slit-like" opening formed between sphenoid and maxilla; for blood vessels and nerves.
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Optic foramen
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Small round hole at the posterior-medial aspect of the orbits; for the optic nerve.
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Sphenoidal sinus
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Air-filled cavity lined with mucous membranes.
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Ethmoid bone
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Bone that forms the roof and lateral walls of the upper nasal cavity, nasal septum, and orbit; a cranial bone that forms the cranial cavity.
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Crista galli
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"Rooster's crest"; upward projection into the cranial cavity; attachment point for membranes of the brain (meninges).
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Cribriform plate
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Small, flattened area on each side of the crista galli; contain small holes for olfactory neurons to pass from nasal cavity to brain.
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Olfactory foramina
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Small holes in the cribriform plate; allow olfactory neurons to reach the brain.
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Perpendicular plate
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Vertical process points inferiorly from ethmoid; forms the superior portion of the nasal septum (joins the vomer).
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Superior and middle nasal conchae
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Projections into the nasal cavity; increase surface area of the nasal cavity to help warm, humidify, and filter air.
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Ethmoidal sinuses
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Air-filled cavity lined with mucous membranes.
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Maxilla
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Pair of bones that form the upper jaw, much of the hard palate, and medial floor of the orbit; facial bone: upper jaw; anterior portion of hard palate.
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Infraorbital foramen
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Hole below the orbit; exit for a sensory nerve that supplies the nose, upper lip, and anterior cheek.
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Palatine process
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Join together at the midline; form the anterior three-quarters of the hard palate (roof of the mouth).
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Palatine bones
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Lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the medial wall of each orbit; posterior portion of hard palate.
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Horizontal plate (Palatine)
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Join right and left palatine bones; posterior portion of hard palate.
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Zygomatic bones
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Cheekbones that form much of the lateral wall of the orbit.
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Nasal bones
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Two small bones that join together; form the bony base (bridge) of the nose.
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Lacrimal bones
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Small, rectangular bone that forms the anterior, medial wall of the orbit; forms nasolacrimal canal that drains tears of the eye into the nasal cavity.
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
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Projects into the nasal cavity from the lower lateral wall; visible from opening of the nasal cavity; increase surface area of the nasal cavity to help warm, humidify, and filter air.
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Vomer
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Joins the perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid bone to form the nasal septum; forms the inferior part of the nasal septum.
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Mandible
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Forms the lower jaw and is the only moveable bone of the skull.
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Coronoid process (Mandible)
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"Crown shaped" upward-going bony projection; attachment site for muscles of mastication.
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Mandibular condyle
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Oval-shaped condyle; articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the TMJ.
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Mental foramen
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Opening located on each side of the anterior-lateral mandible; exit site for sensory nerve that supplies the chin.
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Hyoid bone
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U-shaped bone located below the mandible; only bone that does not contact any other bone; serves as the base for the tongue above, and is attached to the larynx below and the pharynx posteriorly.
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Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
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7 vertebrae of the neck; C1 is also known as the Atlas; C2 is also known as the Axis.
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Body (Cervical vertebrae)
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Small body of cervical vertebrae; reflects the fact that they carry the least amount of body weight; anterior portion that supports the weight of the vertebral column.
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Transverse process (Cervical vertebrae)
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Projects laterally from vertebra; muscle attachment.
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Spinous process (Cervical vertebrae)
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Projects posteriorly at the midline; some cervical vertebrae have bifurcated (bifid) spinous processes; muscle attachment.
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Vertebral foramen (Cervical vertebrae)
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Large opening in the center; contains the spinal cord.