ENT Secrets: Lightyear (Part 3 of 4)
Flashcards
200 questions
Medicine & Health Sciences > Otolaryngology
by Sean Valentine
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Flashcards (200)
Card 1
Which bony structure surrounds the bony labyrinth?
Answer
Otic capsule
Card 2
Otosclerosis is more common in which gender?
Answer
Female
Card 3
Which structure has increased vascularity in Schwartze sign?
Answer
Promontory
Card 4
Which physical exam sign in Otosclerosis involves increased vascularity in the promontory?
Answer
Schwartze sign
Card 5
Which condition is associated with Schwartze sign?
Answer
Otosclerosis
Card 6
What is the genetic inheritance of familial Otosclerosis?
Answer
Autosomal dominant
Card 7
What is the most common cause of Conductive hearing loss in adults?
Answer
Otosclerosis
Card 8
Which ossicle is most commonly affected by Otosclerosis?
Answer
Stapes
Card 9
Which audiogram finding can be seen in Otosclerosis?
Answer
Carhart notch
However, is neither sensitive nor specific
Card 10
In which quadrant are Congenital cholesteatomas found?
Answer
Anterior superior
Card 11
In which quadrant are Acquired cholesteatomas found?
Answer
Posterior superior
Card 12
What is the most common imaging used to assess Cholesteatomas preoperatively?
Answer
CT scan
Card 13
What is the first bony structure to erode as a result of a Cholesteatoma?
Answer
Scutum
Card 14
Erosion of the Scutum can be used to identify which condition?
Answer
Cholesteatoma
Card 15
Which type of Cholesteatomas arise in the setting of TM perforations with epithelial migration?
Answer
Secondary acquired cholesteatomas
Card 16
Which type of Cholesteatomas arise in the setting of TM retraction?
Answer
Primary acquired cholesteatomas
Card 17
To which glands does the Facial nerve provide parasympathetic input?
Answer
Lacrimal
Sublingual
Submandibular
Card 18
Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the Sublingual and Submandibular glands?
Answer
Chorda tympani
Also recieves taste information about the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Card 19
Which condition is involuntary muscle movement accompanying voluntary muscle movement after nerve injury?
Answer
Synkinesis
Card 20
What is the most common cause of facial paralysis?
Answer
Bell Palsy
Card 21
Which test of lacrimal function involves a strip of paper?
Answer
Schirmer test
Card 22
The Schirmer test is used to evaluate which gland?
Answer
Lacrimal gland
Card 23
What is the first ganglion encountered by the Facial nerve?
Answer
Geniculate ganglion
Card 24
Which segment of the Facial nerve traverses the narrowest portion of the Fallopian canal?
Answer
Labyrinthine segment
Card 25
Which segment of the Facial nerve is from the meatal foramen to the Geniculate ganglion?
Answer
Labyrinthine segment
Card 26
Which segment of the Facial nerve is from the Geniculate ganglion to the Pyramidal process?
Answer
Tympanic segment
Card 27
Which segment of the Facial nerve is the most common site of iatrogenic injury during ear surgery?
Answer
Tympanic segment
Card 28
Which segment of the Facial nerve is from the pyramidal process to the stylomastoid foramen?
Answer
Mastoid segment
Card 29
Which segment of the Facial nerve is vertically oriented?
Answer
Mastoid segment
Card 30
What is the most important complication to consider following facial nerve paralysis?
Answer
Exposure keratitis
Card 31
Which complication of facial nerve paralysis can potentially lead to vision loss?
Answer
Exposure keratitis
Card 32
What is the treatment for Bell palsy?
Answer
Steroids +/- Acyclovir
Card 33
What is the most common cancer of the External Auditory Canal (EAC)?
Answer
Squamous cell carcinoma
Card 34
Which genetic condition can present with bilateral acoustic neuromas?
Answer
NF2
Card 35
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle has bilateral innervation?
Answer
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Card 36
Which muscle is an abductor of the true vocal folds?
Answer
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Card 37
What is the only complete cartilaginous ring around the trachea?
Answer
Cricoid cartilage
Card 38
Which type of epithelium overlies the True vocal folds?
Answer
Stratified squamous epithelium
Card 39
The Ansa of Galen is an anastamosis between which structures?
Answer
Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
Inferior laryngeal nerve
Card 40
Which structure is an anastamosis between the Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the Inferior laryngeal nerve?
Answer
Ansa of Galen
Card 41
____ is an intrinsic laryngeal muscle that has bilateral innervation
Answer
The Transverse Arytenoid muscle
Card 42
What is the inferior border of the glottis?
Answer
1 cm below the true vocal folds
Card 43
What is the inferior border of the subglottis?
Answer
Inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
Card 44
The intermediate and deep lamina propria fuse to form which structure?
Answer
Vocal ligament
Card 45
What is the narrowest portion of the pedatric airway?
Answer
Subglottis
At the level of the cricoid cartilage until age 10
Card 46
In which patient population is the Subglottis the narrowest portion of the airway?
Answer
Pediatrics
Specifically in children under 10 years old
Card 47
Acidic caustic ingestion causes which type of tissue necrosis?
Answer
Coagulation necrosis
Card 48
Alkaline caustic ingestion causes which type of tissue necrosis?
Answer
Liquefactive necrosis
Card 49
How long after a caustic ingestion is esophagoscopy recommended?
Answer
12 to 48 hours
Immediately after may underestimate the injury, and after 48 hours may increase the risk of iatrogenic esophageal perforation
Card 50
Why are esophageal biopsies taken in food impaction in children?
Answer
Association with Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)
Card 51
Esophageal foreign bodies are most likely to occur in which region?
Answer
Just distal to the cricopharyngeus
As well as where the aortic arch crosses the esophagus
Card 52
What is the superior border of Killian triangle?
Answer
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Card 53
What is the inferior border of Killian triangle?
Answer
Cricopharyngeus
Card 54
Which classification system grades laryngeal view during direct laryngoscopy?
Answer
Cormack-Lehane classification
Card 55
What is Grade I Cormack-Lehane?
Answer
Full view of True vocal cords
Card 56
What is Grade II Cormack-Lehane?
Answer
Partial view of True vocal cords
Card 57
What is Grade III Cormack-Lehane?
Answer
Only epiglottis visibile
Card 58
What is Grade IV Cormack-Lehane?
Answer
No laryngeal structures visible
Card 59
Which ETT size should be used for newborns?
Answer
3.5
Card 60
Most men use which size ETT?
Answer
8.0
Card 61
Most women use which size ETT?
Answer
7.5
Card 62
What is the diagnostic criteria for diagnosing EoE under microscopy?
Answer
>15 Eosinophils per high-powered field
Card 63
Which microbe causes Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis?
Answer
HPV types 6 and 11
Card 64
Which subtypes of HPV cause Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis?
Answer
HPV subtypes 6 and 11
Card 65
HPV causes which respiratory condition characterized by wart-like growth in the respiratory tract?
Answer
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Card 66
What causes the most common benign neoplasms of the larynx?
Answer
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Card 67
Are vocal nodules paired and symmetric?
Answer
Yes!
Card 68
What is the first-line therapy for vocal fold nodules?
Answer
Voice therapy
Card 69
PPI can be used in the treatment of which cause of hoarseness?
Answer
Laryngophargneal reflux (LPR)
Card 70
Which cause of dysphonia can be treated with Botulinum toxin injections?
Answer
Spasmodic dysphonia
Card 71
Can patients under the Frazier Water Protocol drink water in between meals?
Answer
Yes!
Card 72
Under which protocol can patients who aspirate drink water in between meals?
Answer
Frazier Water Protocol
Card 73
Which tests are used to diagnose dysphagia?
Answer
Bedside swallow evaluation
Modified barium swallow (MBS)
Fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)
Card 74
What is the primary management of vocal fold nodules?
Answer
Voice therapy
Card 75
What is the ideal depth of dissection during phonomicrosurgery?
Answer
Superficial lamina propria
Card 76
____ is also known as Reinke space
Answer
The Superficial lamina propria
Card 77
Which layer of the vocal fold is also known as Reinke space?
Answer
Superficial lamina propria
Card 78
Which layers of the vocal fold comprise the Vocal ligament?
Answer
Intermediate/Deep lamina propria
Card 79
The Intermediate and Deep lamina propria comprise which layer of the vocal fold?
Answer
Vocal ligament
Card 80
What is the most significant risk factor for Polypoid corditis?
Answer
Smoking
Card 81
Which condition most associated with smoking can cause swelling of the vocal cords?
Answer
Polypoid corditis
Card 82
What is the most crucial function of the larynx?
Answer
Protection of the lower airway during swallowing
Card 83
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is not innervated by the Recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Answer
Cricothyroid
Innervated by the external branch of the Superior laryngeal nerve
Card 84
Which term is used to describe new onset partial vocal TVF motion?
Answer
Hypomobile
Card 85
Which term is used to describe partial vocal TVF motion older than 6 months due to a permanent neurologic cause?
Answer
Paresis
Card 86
Which structure separates the primary and secondary palate?
Answer
Incisive fossa
Card 87
What is the strength layer of the scalp?
Answer
Galea aponeurosis
Card 88
Which muscle is the sole elevator of the brow?
Answer
Frontalis
Card 89
Which type of collagen is found in bone?
Answer
Type I collagen
Card 90
____ is also known as the foramen of Huschke
Answer
Foramen tympanicum
Card 91
Foramen tympanicum is also known as ____
Answer
the foramen of Huschke
Card 92
Which structure is an anatomic variation in the temporal bone leading to a defect in the EAC?
Answer
Foramen tympanicum
Card 93
What is the composition of the middle layer of the Tympanic membrane?
Answer
Fibrous
Card 94
The Pars flaccida lacks which layer of the TM, which is found in the Pars tensa?
Answer
Fibrous layer
Card 95
What is the inner layer of the TM?
Answer
Mucosal layer
Card 96
Bulging of which structure causes the Promontory of the middle ear?
Answer
Basal turn of the cochlea
Card 97
What is the inferior border of the Nasopharynx?
Answer
Soft palate
Card 98
What is the inferior border of the Oropharynx?
Answer
Hyoid bone/tip of epiglottis
Card 99
What is the anterior border of the tonsillar fossa?
Answer
Palatoglossus muscle
Card 100
What is the posterior border of the tonsillar fossa?
Answer
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Card 101
Which arteries supply the palatine tonsils?
Answer
Dorsal lingual artery
Ascending palatine artery
Tonsillar artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Descending palatine artery
Card 102
Which branch(es) of the Facial artery supply the palatine tonsils?
Answer
Ascending palatine artery
Tonsillar artery
Card 103
Which branch(es) of the Maxillary artery supply the palatine tonsils?
Answer
Descending palatine artery
Card 104
The Descending palatine artery is a branch of which artery?
Answer
Maxillary artery
Card 105
____ is a ring of lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx and oropharynx at the entrance to the aerodigestive tract
Answer
Waldeyer ring
Card 106
Bifid uvula might indicate which underlying defect?
Answer
Submucosal cleft
Card 107
Which uvular defect might indicate submucosal cleft?
Answer
Bifid uvula
Card 108
Which rigid structure is the narrowest portion of the infant larynx?
Answer
Cricoid cartilage
Card 109
What are the borders of Killian triangle?
Answer
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Cricopharyngeus muscle
Card 110
Which muscle is the primary dilator of the Eustachian tube?
Answer
Tensor veli palatini
Card 111
Which muscle wraps around the hamulus of the medial ptyergoid plate of the Sphonoid?
Answer
Tensor veli palatini
Card 112
Stertor indicates which location of airway obstruction?
Answer
Pharyneal obstruction
Card 113
Which ausculatory airway sound resembles snoring and indicates pharyngeal obstruction?
Answer
Stertor
Card 114
Biphasic stridor indicates narrowing at which level?
Answer
Subglottis
Card 115
Obstruction of which level of the airway in neonates is relieved with crying?
Answer
Nasal
Card 116
What is the level of obstruction of Inspiratory stridor?
Answer
At or above the level of the vocal cords
Card 117
What is the level of obstruction of Expiratory stridor?
Answer
Distal trachea or bronchi
Card 118
What is the level of obstruction of Biphasic stridor?
Answer
Subglottic region
Though fixed narrowings in other locations can also result in this sound
Card 119
In neonates with nasal obstruction, what relieves breathing difficulty or cyanosis?
Answer
Crying
Card 120
What is an ocular finding of CHARGE syndrome?
Answer
Coloboma
Card 121
Which nasal defect can be seen in CHARGE syndrome?
Answer
Choanal atresia
Card 122
Which genetic syndrome can be associated with choanal atresia?
Answer
CHARGE syndrome
Card 123
CHARGE syndrome
____
____
...
...
...
...
Coloboma
Heart abnormalities
Atresia (choanal)
Retardation, mental or developmental
GU abnormalities
Ear abnormalities or hearing loss
Answer
Coloboma
Heart abnormalities
Card 124
CHARGE syndrome
Coloboma
____
____
...
...
...
Coloboma
Heart abnormalities
Atresia (choanal)
Retardation, mental or developmental
GU abnormalities
Ear abnormalities or hearing loss
Answer
Heart abnormalities
Atresia (choanal)
Card 125
CHARGE syndrome
...
Heart abnormalities
____
____
...
...
Coloboma
Heart abnormalities
Atresia (choanal)
Retardation, mental or developmental
GU abnormalities
Ear abnormalities or hearing loss
Answer
Atresia (choanal)
Retardation, mental or developmental
Card 126
CHARGE syndrome
...
...
Atresia (choanal)
____
____
...
Coloboma
Heart abnormalities
Atresia (choanal)
Retardation, mental or developmental
GU abnormalities
Ear abnormalities or hearing loss
Answer
Retardation, mental or developmental
GU abnormalities
Card 127
CHARGE syndrome
...
...
...
Retardation, mental or developmental
____
____
Coloboma
Heart abnormalities
Atresia (choanal)
Retardation, mental or developmental
GU abnormalities
Ear abnormalities or hearing loss
Answer
GU abnormalities
Ear abnormalities or hearing loss
Card 128
What is the triad of clinical findings of Robin sequence?
Answer
Micrognathia
Glossoptosis
Airway obstruction
Card 129
What is the most common congenital laryngeal anomaly causing respiratory distress?
Answer
Laryngomalacia
Card 130
What is the first-line treatment for Croup, regardless of intensity?
Answer
Dexamethasone
Card 131
What is the most common cause of stridor in infants?
Answer
Laryngomalacia
Card 132
What is the most common cause of subglottic stenosis in pediatrics?
Answer
Endotracheal intubation scarring
Card 133
What is the shape of the epiglottis in Laryngomalacia?
Answer
Omega-shaped
Card 134
Which structure is shortened in Laryngomalacia?
Answer
Aryepiglottic folds
Card 135
What is the most common classification system for Subglottic stenosis?
Answer
Myer-Cotton classification
Card 136
What is the range of stenosis in Grade I Subglottic stenosis?
Answer
0-50% obstruction
Card 137
What is the range of stenosis in Grade II Subglottic stenosis?
Answer
51-70% obstruction
Card 138
What is the range of stenosis in Grade III Subglottic stenosis?
Answer
71-99% obstruction
Card 139
What is the range of stenosis in Grade IV Subglottic stenosis?
Answer
No detectable lumen
Card 140
What are the medical treatments for Infantile hemangiomas?
Answer
Steroids
Propranolol
Card 141
What is the most common tumor of infancy?
Answer
Infantile hemangioma
Card 142
Which pediatric condition involves softness and collapsibility of the trachea?
Answer
Tracheomalacia
Card 143
Which subtype of tracheomalacia is due to weak or absent tracheal cartilage?
Answer
Intrinsic tracheomalacia
Card 144
Which subtype of tracheomalacia is due to a structure compressing the trachea?
Answer
Extrinsic tracheomalacia
Card 145
What are the most common indications for adenotonsillectomy?
Answer
Sleep disordered breathing
Tonsillitis
Card 146
Which pulmonary condition can occur following Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy?
Answer
Postobstructive pulmonary edema
Card 147
Should perioperative antibiotics be administered in a Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy?
Answer
No!
Card 148
What is the surgical treatment for Laryngomalacia?
Answer
Supraglottoplasty
Card 149
What is a medical therapy for Laryngomalacia?
Answer
PPI
Due to significant laryngoesophageal reflux
Card 150
Administration of which drug can cause a rash in patients with Mononucleosis?
Answer
Amoxicillin
Card 151
Peritonsillar abscess occur between which structures?
Answer
Tonsilar capsule
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Card 152
What are the most common causes of Velopharyngeal insufficiency?
Answer
Cleft palate
Submucousal cleft
Card 153
Which common pediatric surgery can cause Velopharyngeal insufficiency?
Answer
Adenoidectomy
Card 154
What is the most common environmental cause of pediatric hearing loss in the U.S.?
Answer
Congenital CMV infection
Card 155
What is the genetic inheritance of Alport syndrome most commonly?
Answer
X-linked dominant
80% X-linked dominant
15% Autosomal recessive
5% Autosomal dominant
Card 156
What is the most common mutation to cause congenital profound hearing loss?
Answer
GJB2
Codes for the connexin-26 gap junction protein
Card 157
Which malformation involves a cochlea restricted to only 1.5 turns?
Answer
Mondini dysplasia
Card 158
What is the eponym for complete failure of inner ear development?
Answer
Michel aplasia
Card 159
____ is also known as Complete labyrinthine aplasia
Answer
Michel aplasia
Card 160
Michel aplasia is also known as ____
Answer
Complete labyrinthine aplasia
Card 161
What is the genetic inheritance of Mondini dysplasia?
Answer
Autosomal dominant
Card 162
Which cause of pediatric hearing loss is associated with a multinodular goiter?
Answer
Pendred syndrome
Card 163
Pendred syndrome is associated with which thyroid finding?
Answer
Multinodular goiter
Card 164
Which inner ear anomly can cause sudden hearing loss with mild head trauma?
Answer
Enlarged vestibular aqueduct
Card 165
What is the triad of clinical findings in Meniere disease?
Answer
Vertigo
Tinnitus
SNHL
Card 166
The Dix-Hallpike manuever most effective diagnoses BPPV in which semicircular canal?
Answer
Posterior
Card 167
Which semicircular canals are evaluated by caloric testing?
Answer
Horizontal SCC
Card 168
Which clinical finding differentiates conductive hearing loss due to SSCD vs Otosclerosis?
Answer
Ipsilateral stapedial reflex
Card 169
Which condition is sound-induced vertigo or nystagmus?
Answer
Tullio phenomenon
Card 170
What is the most common site of iatrogenic CSF leak in FESS?
Answer
Lateral lamella
Card 171
Spontaneous CSF leaks are often associated with which condition?
Answer
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)
Card 172
What is the most likely site of injury to the facial nerve in temporal bone trauma?
Answer
Perigeniculate region
Potentially due to tethering by the Greater Petrosal superficial nerve
Card 173
Which surgical approach is used for facial nerve decompression following temporal bone trauma in patients with severe loss of hearing?
Answer
Translabyrinthine
Card 174
Which ossicle is the most prone to fracture and joint separation in temporal bone trauma?
Answer
Incus
Due to having minimal stabilizing elements
Card 175
Which point is the anterior hairline at the midline?
Answer
Trichion
Card 176
Which point is the most anterior point of the forehead?
Answer
Glabella
Card 177
Which point is the deepest depression at the root of the nose on profile?
Answer
Nasion
Card 178
Which point is where the columella merges with the upper lip?
Answer
Subnasale
Card 179
Which point is the most anterior point of the chin on profile view?
Answer
Pogonion
Card 180
Which point is the most inferior point of the chin?
Answer
Menton
Card 181
Which point is the innermost point between the submental area and the neck?
Answer
Cervical point
Card 182
What are the borders of the Frankfort horizontal plane?
Answer
Superior aspect of EAC
Inferior aspect of infraorbital rim
Card 183
What are the borders of the Facial plane?
Answer
Glabella
Pogonion
Card 184
Rule of 1/3s: What are the borders of the upper third of the face?
Answer
Trichion
Glabella
Card 185
Rule of 1/3s: What are the borders of the middle third of the face?
Answer
Glabella
Subnasale
Card 186
Rule of 1/3s: What are the borders of the lower third of the face?
Answer
Subnasale
Menton
Card 187
Rule of 1/5s: What are the borders of the lateral fifth of the face?
Answer
External ear
Lateral canthus
Card 188
What is the standardized width in the facial analysis Rule of 1/5s?
Answer
Width of one eye or Intercanthal distance
Card 189
What is the ideal level of the nasion?
Answer
Supratarsal crease
Card 190
What is the ideal Nasofrontal angle?
Answer
115-135 degrees
Card 191
What is the ideal Nasofacial angle?
Answer
36-40 degrees
Card 192
What is the ideal Nasolabial angle in males?
Answer
90-95 degrees
Card 193
What is the ideal Nasolabial angle in females?
Answer
95-110 degrees
Card 194
What is the ideal Nasomental angle?
Answer
120-132 degrees
Card 195
What is the ideal Mentocervical angle?
Answer
80-95 degrees
Card 196
Which facial angle is depicted below?
____
Answer
Nasofrontal angle
Card 197
Which facial angle is depicted below?
____
Answer
Nasofacial angle
Card 198
Which facial angle is depicted below?
____
Answer
Nasolabial angle
Card 199
Which facial angle is depicted below?
____
Answer
Nasomental angle
Card 200
Which facial angle is depicted below?
____
Answer
Mentocervical angle
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