Awareness of internal stimuli, such as hunger and thoughts, and external stimuli, such as light and sound, is called consciousness.
Missing Word
consciousness
Consciousness is awareness of internal and external stimuli. It ranges along a continuum from full alert awareness to deep sleep.
Category: Consciousness and Rhythms
Question 2
A person's characteristic pattern of daily alertness, such as being a morning lark or a night owl, is called a chronotype.
Missing Word
chronotype
A chronotype is an individual's typical pattern of circadian activity, describing when that person naturally feels most alert and most sleepy.
Category: Consciousness and Rhythms
Question 3
Early in stage N1 sleep, the EEG shows alpha waves, the same pattern seen during relaxed wakefulness.
Missing Word
alpha
Alpha waves are the brain-wave pattern of a relaxed but awake state. They appear as a person begins to drift off and then give way to slower waves.
Category: Sleep Stages
Question 4
The brain waves that first increase during stage N1 and then dominate stage N2 sleep are theta waves.
Missing Word
theta
Theta waves are slower than the waves of relaxed wakefulness. They take over as sleep deepens from stage N1 into stage N2.
Category: Sleep Stages
Question 5
Because the brain is about as active as during waking while the voluntary muscles are paralyzed, REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep.
Missing Word
paradoxical
Paradoxical sleep is another name for REM sleep. The paradox is a highly active, wake-like brain inside a body that is essentially immobile.
Category: Sleep Stages
Question 6
In Freud's theory, the storyline of a dream as the dreamer remembers it is its manifest content.
Missing Word
manifest
Manifest content is the surface story of a dream. Freud contrasted it with latent content, the hidden meaning he believed the story disguised.
Category: Dream Theories
Question 7
Carl Jung called the universal symbols that he believed appear across cultures and in dreams archetypes.
Missing Word
archetypes
Archetypes are the universal symbols that Jung placed in the collective unconscious, such as the hero or the mother figure.
Category: Dream Theories
Question 8
A persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, despite adequate opportunity to sleep, is the sleep disorder called insomnia.
Missing Word
insomnia
Insomnia is a consistent difficulty falling or staying asleep. Worry about not sleeping can feed a cycle that keeps the person awake.
Category: Sleep Disorders
Question 9
Sleep disorders involving unwanted motor activity or experiences during sleep, such as sleepwalking and night terrors, are grouped as parasomnias.
Missing Word
parasomnias
Parasomnias are disorders marked by unwanted movements or experiences during sleep. They can arise in either REM or NREM sleep.
Category: Sleep Disorders
Question 10
A sudden loss of muscle tone, often triggered by strong emotion and commonly seen in people with narcolepsy, is called cataplexy.
Missing Word
cataplexy
Cataplexy is a sudden muscle weakness or paralysis while awake. It often accompanies the sleep attacks of narcolepsy.
Category: Sleep Disorders
Question 11
Cocaine, amphetamines and caffeine belong to the drug class called stimulants, which increase overall neural activity.
Missing Word
stimulants
Stimulants increase neural activity, largely through dopamine. Because dopamine is tied to reward, many stimulants carry a high potential for abuse.
Category: Substance Use
Question 12
The highly addictive drug in tobacco, which acts on acetylcholine receptors, is nicotine.
Missing Word
nicotine
Nicotine is a stimulant that binds acetylcholine receptors. Its strong addictive power makes quitting tobacco difficult.
Category: Substance Use
Question 13
The synthetic opioid that can cause a fatal overdose even in very small doses, a major driver of the opioid crisis, is fentanyl.
Missing Word
fentanyl
Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid many times more potent than morphine. Tiny amounts can stop breathing, which has made it central to the rise in overdose deaths.
Category: Substance Use
Question 14
A state of intense self-focus in which little attention goes to outside stimuli, used by clinicians with suggestion to change a person's perceptions, is called hypnosis.
Missing Word
hypnosis
Hypnosis is a focused state of heightened suggestibility. Clinicians use it alongside other treatments for problems such as pain and anxiety.
Category: Hypnosis and Meditation
Question 15
Mindfulness is one popular form of meditation, a practice of focusing on a single target such as the breath to increase moment-to-moment awareness.
Missing Word
meditation
Meditation involves clearing the mind and focusing attention to reach a state of relaxed awareness. It shows promise for managing stress, mood and pain.
Category: Hypnosis and Meditation