The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives information about light from the retina, which keeps the body's clock synchronized with the day.
Correct Answer
True
True. Light-sensitive cells in the retina signal the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus, allowing it to reset the body's circadian rhythms to the outside light-dark cycle.
Category: Consciousness and Rhythms
Question 2
Darkness inhibits the release of melatonin from the pineal gland, while light stimulates it.
Correct Answer
False
False. Darkness stimulates the release of melatonin, which promotes sleep, while light inhibits its release.
Category: Consciousness and Rhythms
Question 3
Rotating shift work can disrupt circadian rhythms and is linked to more mistakes on the job.
Correct Answer
True
True. Schedules that swing between early and late hours keep the internal clock out of sync with the environment, which is associated with sleep problems, mood symptoms and more on-the-job errors.
Category: Consciousness and Rhythms
Question 4
The social-cognitive view holds that hypnotized people are acting out the role they expect a hypnotized person to play.
Correct Answer
True
True. The social-cognitive view explains hypnotic behavior as people meeting social expectations about how a hypnotized person should act, rather than entering a special altered state.
Category: Hypnosis and Meditation
Question 5
Chronic sleep deprivation is associated with stronger immune function.
Correct Answer
False
False. Chronic sleep deprivation is associated with weakened immune function, along with impaired thinking, irritability and higher risk of obesity and high blood pressure.
Category: Consciousness and Rhythms
Question 6
Slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve later performance on that task.
Correct Answer
True
True. Research links slow-wave sleep after learning to better performance and memory for the material, which is one reason sleep is thought to support memory formation.
Category: Sleep Stages
Question 7
Vivid, story-like dreaming is most closely associated with stage N3 sleep.
Correct Answer
False
False. Vivid, story-like dreaming is most closely associated with REM sleep; stage N3 is deep slow-wave sleep.
Category: Sleep Stages
Question 8
Carl Jung proposed that dreams can draw on a collective unconscious shared by all people.
Correct Answer
True
True. Jung believed that dreams tap a collective unconscious containing universal symbols, which he called archetypes.
Category: Dream Theories
Question 9
During a lucid dream, the dreamer is unaware of being in a dream.
Correct Answer
False
False. In a lucid dream the dreamer knows they are dreaming and may even control some of the dream's content.
Category: Dream Theories
Question 10
Rosalind Cartwright's research suggests that dreams often reflect important events in a person's waking life.
Correct Answer
True
True. Cartwright found, for example, that people going through divorce who thought often about their former spouse were more likely to dream about that person.
Category: Dream Theories
Question 11
Sleepwalking occurs mainly during REM sleep.
Correct Answer
False
False. Sleepwalking occurs mainly during slow-wave NREM sleep; during REM sleep the voluntary muscles are normally paralyzed.
Category: Sleep Disorders
Question 12
Night terrors occur during NREM sleep, and the person usually has no memory of the episode afterward.
Correct Answer
True
True. During a night terror a person may scream and appear panicked and awake, yet the episode arises from NREM sleep and is usually not remembered.
Category: Sleep Disorders
Question 13
In central sleep apnea, the airway becomes physically blocked during sleep.
Correct Answer
False
False. A physically blocked airway defines obstructive sleep apnea; in central sleep apnea the brain's signals that regulate breathing are disrupted.
Category: Sleep Disorders
Question 14
A CPAP device treats sleep apnea by delivering pressurized air through a mask to keep the airway open.
Correct Answer
True
True. Continuous positive airway pressure keeps the airway from collapsing during sleep and is effective for mild to severe cases, though many users find it hard to keep using.
Category: Sleep Disorders
Question 15
Placing infants on their backs to sleep is recommended to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
Correct Answer
True
True. Back sleeping, keeping pillows and other soft items out of the crib, avoiding overheating and keeping the home smoke-free are standard recommendations for lowering SIDS risk.
Category: Sleep Disorders
Question 16
The uncomfortable sensations of restless leg syndrome are relieved by keeping the legs completely still.
Correct Answer
False
False. In restless leg syndrome the uncomfortable sensations are relieved by moving the legs, which is why the condition disrupts falling asleep.
Category: Sleep Disorders
Question 17
Physical dependence on a drug is by itself enough to diagnose a substance use disorder.
Correct Answer
False
False. Physical dependence alone does not indicate a substance use disorder, because people can develop tolerance and withdrawal to medications they take as prescribed.
Category: Substance Use
Question 18
Withdrawal symptoms tend to be the opposite of a drug's effects, so stopping a sedative can cause agitation.
Correct Answer
True
True. When the body has adapted to a drug, removing it produces effects opposite to the drug's, so withdrawal from a sedative brings agitation and withdrawal from a stimulant brings fatigue.
Category: Substance Use
Question 19
Caffeine reduces sleepiness by activating adenosine receptors.
Correct Answer
False
False. Caffeine reduces sleepiness by blocking adenosine receptors; adenosine normally builds up during waking and promotes sleepiness.
Category: Substance Use
Question 20
Methadone is used to ease opioid withdrawal because it produces a stronger euphoria than heroin.
Correct Answer
False
False. Methadone is used to ease opioid withdrawal because it produces less euphoria than heroin while still relieving withdrawal symptoms.
Category: Substance Use