Freud popularized psychoanalysis, an approach to theory and therapy that emphasizes the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.
Missing Word
psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is the Freudian approach that explains behavior through unconscious processes and early experience, and it dominated clinical psychology for decades.
Category: Early Schools of Thought
Question 2
Freud began his work by studying patients with hysteria, a historical diagnosis for physical and emotional symptoms that had no apparent physical cause.
Missing Word
hysteria
Hysteria was the label used in Freud's time for unexplained physical and emotional symptoms, and his work with these patients led to his ideas about the unconscious.
Category: Early Schools of Thought
Question 3
Wilhelm Wundt opened his psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879.
Missing Word
Leipzig
The Leipzig laboratory is often treated as the founding of experimental psychology, and there Wundt measured reaction times to a thousandth of a second.
Category: Early Schools of Thought
Question 4
Francis Cecil Sumner, who later built the psychology degree program at Howard University, became in 1920 the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology in the United States.
Missing Word
Sumner
Sumner earned his PhD in 1920, the first African American in the United States to do so. At Howard University he founded a psychology program that trained many later Black psychologists, including Kenneth Clark.
Category: Diversity in Psychology
Question 5
Arising partly as a reaction to Freud's pessimism and to behaviorism's narrow focus, humanism stressed people's inborn potential for good and their capacity for personal choice.
Missing Word
humanism
Humanism is the perspective, associated with Maslow and Rogers, that emphasizes personal growth, free will and the human potential for good.
Category: Humanism and Cognition
Question 6
Humanistic psychologists criticized reductionism, the practice of explaining complex human experience by breaking it down into simple, separate components.
Missing Word
reductionism
Reductionism explains a complex whole by its simplest parts, and humanists argued that this approach in behaviorism missed what makes people fully human.
Category: Humanism and Cognition
Question 7
Carl Rogers held that a therapist must show empathy, the ability to understand a client's feelings from the client's own point of view.
Missing Word
empathy
Empathy, along with genuineness and unconditional positive regard, is one of the three therapist qualities Rogers considered essential in client-centered therapy.
Category: Humanism and Cognition
Question 8
Researchers use the acronym WEIRD for Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic samples, which are heavily overrepresented in psychological studies.
Missing Word
WEIRD
The WEIRD label warns that findings from these samples are often wrongly generalized to all people, even though cultures differ in perception, cooperation and moral reasoning.
Category: Diversity in Psychology
Question 9
Of the Big Five personality traits, neuroticism describes a tendency toward emotional instability and frequent negative feelings such as anxiety.
Missing Word
neuroticism
Neuroticism is the Big Five trait for emotional instability, alongside openness, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness.
Category: Subfields of Psychology
Question 10
Health psychologists rely on the biopsychosocial model, which holds that biological, psychological and sociocultural factors together affect health and illness.
Missing Word
biopsychosocial
The biopsychosocial model is the framework of health psychology, which studies how factors such as stress, behavior and social conditions combine with biology to influence health.
Category: Subfields of Psychology
Question 11
Social psychologists study attribution, the process by which people explain the causes of their own behavior and the behavior of others.
Missing Word
attribution
Attribution refers to how people infer the causes of behavior, and it is a core topic of social psychology along with prejudice, attraction and conflict.
Category: Subfields of Psychology
Question 12
A psychiatrist is a physician with a medical degree who specializes in mental health and can prescribe medication.
Missing Word
psychiatrist
A psychiatrist holds an MD, which distinguishes this profession from clinical psychologists, who hold a PhD or PsyD and are trained to give and interpret psychological tests.
Category: Careers in Psychology
Question 13
Before it became a separate academic discipline in the late 1800s, the study of the mind was carried out within philosophy.
Missing Word
philosophy
Philosophy housed questions about the mind for centuries, and psychology split from it once researchers began testing those questions with scientific methods.
Category: Defining Psychology
Question 14
Critical thinking includes skepticism, a habit of questioning claims and asking for evidence before accepting them.
Missing Word
skepticism
Skepticism is a core part of critical thinking, along with recognizing one's own biases and reasoning logically about how reliable information is.
Category: Defining Psychology
Question 15
Psychology is called an empirical science because its conclusions rest on measurable data gathered through observation and experiment.
Missing Word
empirical
Empirical knowledge comes from observation rather than from logic or authority alone, and this grounding in data is what makes psychology a science.
Category: Defining Psychology