The shared property is being a measure of variability. Standard Deviation, Range, and Variance are all statistical measures used to describe the spread or dispersion of data. Median is a measure of central tendency, representing the middle value in a dataset.
Question 2
Which of these is not a response in classical conditioning?
Conditioned Response
Unconditioned Stimulus
✓
Orienting Response
Unconditioned Response
Correct Answer
Unconditioned Stimulus
The shared property is being a response in classical conditioning. Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Response, and Orienting Response are all types of reactions or responses. The Unconditioned Stimulus is what naturally elicits an unconditioned response, making it a stimulus, not a response itself.
Question 3
Which of these is not a type of memory error or bias?
Source Amnesia
Semantic Memory
✓
Proactive Interference
Misinformation Effect
Correct Answer
Semantic Memory
The shared property is being a type of memory error or bias. The Misinformation Effect, Source Amnesia, and Proactive Interference are all known ways memory can be distorted or fail. Semantic Memory is a type of long-term memory for facts and general knowledge, not a memory error or bias.
Question 4
Which of these is not a monocular depth cue?
Relative Size
Linear Perspective
Interposition
Retinal Disparity
✓
Correct Answer
Retinal Disparity
The shared property is being a monocular depth cue. Linear Perspective, Interposition, and Relative Size are all cues for depth perception that can be perceived with a single eye. Retinal Disparity is a binocular depth cue, requiring input from both eyes.
Question 5
Which of these is not one of Erikson's psychosocial stages typically occurring during childhood (birth to puberty)?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Identity vs. Role Confusion
✓
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Correct Answer
Identity vs. Role Confusion
The shared property is being one of Erikson's psychosocial stages typically occurring during childhood. Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, and Industry vs. Inferiority are all stages Erikson proposed for various periods of childhood. Identity vs. Role Confusion is the stage associated with adolescence.
Question 6
Which of these historical schools of thought is not primarily concerned with the structure or function of consciousness?
Behaviorism
✓
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt Psychology
Correct Answer
Behaviorism
The shared property is being a historical school of thought primarily concerned with the structure or function of consciousness. Structuralism aimed to break down consciousness into its basic elements. Functionalism focused on the purpose or function of consciousness. Gestalt Psychology emphasized that the whole of conscious experience is greater than the sum of its parts. Behaviorism, in contrast, rejected the study of consciousness, focusing instead on observable behavior.
Question 7
Which of these is not a type of consequence that strengthens a behavior?
Positive Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
✓
Negative Reinforcement
Correct Answer
Positive Punishment
The shared property is being a type of consequence that strengthens a behavior. Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, and Primary Reinforcement all serve to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive Punishment, in contrast, involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Question 8
Which of these is not a core ethical principle for psychological research involving human participants?
Deception
✓
Informed Consent
Debriefing
Confidentiality
Correct Answer
Deception
The shared property is being a core ethical principle or requirement for psychological research involving human participants. Informed Consent, Debriefing (especially after deception), and Confidentiality are all fundamental ethical considerations to protect participants. Deception is a research technique that sometimes conflicts with informed consent and requires careful ethical review and debriefing; it is not an ethical principle itself.
Question 9
Which of these is not a structure that primarily focuses light onto the retina?
Pupil
Lens
Iris
✓
Cornea
Correct Answer
Iris
The shared property is being a structure that primarily focuses light onto the retina. The Cornea and Lens are the primary structures responsible for refracting and focusing light. The Pupil is the opening through which light enters. The Iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil, thereby regulating the amount of light entering, but it does not primarily focus the light itself.
Question 10
Which of these is not typically observed in infants with insecure-avoidant attachment during the Strange Situation?
Resistance to caregiver's comfort upon return
✓
Indifference to caregiver's departure
Active exploration when alone
Avoidance of caregiver upon return
Correct Answer
Resistance to caregiver's comfort upon return
The shared property is being a behavior typically observed in infants with insecure-avoidant attachment during the Strange Situation. Indifference to caregiver's departure, active exploration when alone, and avoidance of caregiver upon return are all characteristic behaviors of insecure-avoidant attachment. Resistance to caregiver's comfort upon return is characteristic of insecure-ambivalent (anxious-resistant) attachment.
Question 11
Which of these is not an example of explicit memory?
Describing a past vacation
Remembering the capital of France
Riding a bicycle
✓
Recalling your first day of college
Correct Answer
Riding a bicycle
The shared property is being an example of explicit memory. Recalling your first day of college (episodic), remembering the capital of France (semantic), and describing a past vacation (episodic) all involve conscious recall of facts or events. Riding a bicycle is an example of procedural (implicit) memory, which involves skills and habits performed without conscious recollection.
Question 12
Which of these psychological perspectives does not primarily emphasize the role of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences?
Psychoanalytic
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
✓
Neo-Freudian
Correct Answer
Humanistic
The shared property is primarily emphasizing the role of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. Psychodynamic, Neo-Freudian, and Psychoanalytic perspectives all stem from Freud's original ideas, focusing on unconscious drives, conflicts, and early life. Humanistic psychology, in contrast, emphasizes conscious experience, free will, self-actualization, and human potential.
Question 13
Which of these is not a common refractive error of the eye?
Rod Monochromacy
✓
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Presbyopia
Correct Answer
Rod Monochromacy
The shared property is being a common refractive error of the eye. Hyperopia (farsightedness), Astigmatism (blurred vision due to irregular cornea/lens), and Presbyopia (age-related farsightedness) are all common refractive errors affecting how light focuses on the retina. Rod Monochromacy (or achromatopsia) is a rare, severe form of color blindness where only rods are functional, not a refractive error.
Question 14
Which of these is not a primary research design used to study age-related changes?
Cross-Sectional Design
Longitudinal Design
Sequential Design
Experimental Design
✓
Correct Answer
Experimental Design
The shared property is being a primary research design specifically used to study age-related changes over time. Longitudinal Design, Cross-Sectional Design, and Sequential Design are all specialized methodologies in developmental psychology for examining how individuals change or differ across age groups. Experimental Design is a general research method used to determine cause-and-effect relationships, not exclusively or primarily for studying age-related changes.
Question 15
Which of these is not a concept related to the initial formation of an association in classical conditioning?
Contingency
Blocking
Contiguity
Spontaneous Recovery
✓
Correct Answer
Spontaneous Recovery
The shared property is being a concept related to the initial formation of an association in classical conditioning. Contingency (predictability), Blocking (prior learning interferes), and Contiguity (CS and UCS close in time) are all factors or phenomena influencing how effectively an association is initially formed. Spontaneous Recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction, not a concept related to the initial formation of the association.