Born in the West Indies, Alexander Hamilton became Washington's first secretary of the treasury and the leading Federalist of the 1790s.
Missing Word
Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton designed the federal financial program of debt assumption, a national bank and taxes on imports and whiskey, and his vision of a commercial nation shaped the Federalist Party.
Category: Founding Debates
Question 2
From December 1790 until 1800, while the new federal city on the Potomac was being built, Philadelphia served as the nation's capital.
Missing Word
Philadelphia
Philadelphia served as the temporary capital after New York, and the government moved to Washington, DC, in 1800, as the Residence Act passed under the Compromise of 1790 had arranged.
Category: Founding Debates
Question 3
General Anthony Wayne led the army that defeated the Western Confederacy of Native nations in Ohio in 1794.
Missing Word
Wayne
Anthony Wayne was a Revolutionary War general whom Washington chose after earlier American armies were routed in Ohio. His victory at Fallen Timbers ended the Northwest Indian War.
Category: Frontier Conflicts
Question 4
Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, were Shawnee leaders who urged Native nations to unite against American expansion.
Missing Word
Shawnee
The Shawnee were a Native nation of the Ohio Valley. Tecumseh worked to build a confederacy of many nations to defend their lands, while Tenskwatawa led a spiritual movement that urged a return to Native ways.
Category: Frontier Conflicts
Question 5
Formerly the French colony of Saint-Domingue, Haiti became an independent nation in 1804 after a revolution led by formerly enslaved people.
Missing Word
Haiti
Haiti was the second independent nation in the Americas and the first founded by people who had freed themselves from slavery, which alarmed slaveholders in the United States.
Category: Foreign Affairs
Question 6
In his draft of the Kentucky Resolutions, Thomas Jefferson argued for nullification, the right of a state to declare an act of Congress void within its borders.
Missing Word
nullification
Nullification was the claim that a state could void federal laws it judged unconstitutional. Jefferson raised it against the Alien and Sedition Acts, while Madison's Virginia Resolutions spoke more cautiously of the states' duty to interpose. Several northern state legislatures formally rejected the resolutions.
Category: Adams Presidency
Question 7
In an 1803 decision, Chief Justice John Marshall established the power of the Supreme Court to strike down an act of Congress as unconstitutional.
Missing Word
Marshall
John Marshall, appointed by John Adams, led the Supreme Court for more than three decades and made it an equal branch of government by asserting judicial review.
Category: Jefferson Presidency
Question 8
Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe, a future president, to France to try to buy the port of New Orleans.
Missing Word
Monroe
James Monroe joined Livingston in Paris, where the envoys accepted Napoleon's offer to sell all of Louisiana rather than New Orleans alone.
Category: Jefferson Presidency
Question 9
Jefferson sent naval forces against the Barbary States of North Africa, whose ships had seized American merchant vessels and demanded tribute.
Missing Word
Barbary
The Barbary States were North African powers whose corsairs attacked foreign shipping. The Barbary War of 1801 to 1805 sent American warships into the Mediterranean.
Category: Jefferson Presidency
Question 10
In 1807 the British warship Leopard fired on and boarded the American frigate Chesapeake, seizing four sailors.
Missing Word
Chesapeake
The attack on the Chesapeake off the Virginia coast was a dramatic case of impressment that enraged Americans and led Jefferson to seek the embargo instead of war.
Category: War of 1812
Question 11
Indiana territorial governor William Henry Harrison destroyed the Native settlement of Prophetstown at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Missing Word
Harrison
William Henry Harrison attacked the town founded by Tenskwatawa and found British-supplied weapons there, which deepened American anger at Britain before the war. He later became president.
Category: War of 1812
Question 12
President James Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war against Britain in June 1812.
Missing Word
Madison
James Madison, Jefferson's successor, sent Congress a war message citing impressment and British support for Native resistance, and Congress narrowly voted for war.
Category: War of 1812
Question 13
Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British fleet on Lake Erie in 1813, giving the United States control of the lake.
Missing Word
Perry
Oliver Hazard Perry was the naval commander whose victory on Lake Erie allowed American forces to retake Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames.
Category: War of 1812
Question 14
After watching the British bombard Fort McHenry, which guarded the harbor of the city of Baltimore, in 1814, Francis Scott Key wrote the poem that became the national anthem.
Missing Word
Baltimore
Baltimore, Maryland, was a major port the British attacked after burning Washington. Fort McHenry withstood a long bombardment, and Key's poem about the flag still flying over it became The Star-Spangled Banner.
Category: War of 1812
Question 15
Andrew Jackson became a national hero by defeating a British army at New Orleans in January 1815.
Missing Word
Jackson
Andrew Jackson's victory at New Orleans came after the peace treaty had been signed but before news reached America. It made him famous and helped carry him to the presidency.
Category: War of 1812