Historians call the years from 1649 to 1660, when England had no reigning monarch, the Interregnum, a term meaning between reigns.
Missing Word
Interregnum
The Interregnum began with the execution of Charles I and ended with the Restoration of Charles II. During it England was a republic dominated by Parliament and the army.
Category: English Politics
Question 2
Oliver Cromwell, who later ruled England as Lord Protector, led Parliament's forces to victory over the Royalists.
Missing Word
Cromwell
Cromwell was at first popular, but many came to see him as a military dictator who ignored English liberties. After his death in 1658, his son's weak rule led the English to restore the monarchy.
Category: English Politics
Question 3
The English political faction that favored Parliament's power over the crown and opposed King James II became known as the Whigs.
Missing Word
Whigs
The Whigs favored Parliament's power and Protestant rule. Their success in the Glorious Revolution brought William III and Mary II to the throne.
Category: English Politics
Question 4
Members of the Society of Friends, the faith of William Penn, were nicknamed Quakers, a name said to come from the trembling their inner light caused.
Missing Word
Quakers
Founded in England by George Fox, the Friends rejected predestination and worldly rank. They were persecuted in England and Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania became their refuge.
Category: Restoration Colonies
Question 5
William Penn laid out Philadelphia, a port city whose Greek-derived name means brotherly love, as the capital of his colony.
Missing Word
Philadelphia
Philadelphia grew rapidly as a port and drew English, German and Scots-Irish immigrants. Its merchants also took part in the Atlantic slave trade.
Category: Restoration Colonies
Question 6
New England distillers turned cheap Caribbean molasses into the distilled spirit called rum, a valuable product of colonial trade.
Missing Word
rum
Rum is distilled from molasses, a by-product of Caribbean sugar making, and New England distilleries made it a major colonial export. Because the Molasses Act of 1733 taxed molasses from non-British islands such as the French and Dutch colonies, merchants often smuggled it instead.
Category: Trade and Mercantilism
Question 7
William Byrd II, a wealthy Virginia planter who founded Richmond and kept detailed diaries, exemplified the colonial gentry.
Missing Word
Byrd
Byrd's diaries describe his reading, prayers and leisure along with his harsh treatment of enslaved people. Gentry like him built grand mansions such as Westover to display their status.
Category: Slavery and Society
Question 8
The eighteenth-century intellectual movement that valued reason and science over superstition and tradition is called the Enlightenment.
Missing Word
Enlightenment
The Enlightenment encouraged people to study nature and society through observation and reason. In the colonies it spread through books, newspapers and societies such as the Freemasons.
Category: Enlightenment and Awakening
Question 9
Printer Benjamin Franklin published Poor Richard's Almanack and won fame for his experiments with electricity.
Missing Word
Franklin
Franklin was the best-known American figure of the Enlightenment. His practical inventions and scientific work, including the lightning rod, earned him admiration in Europe as well as the colonies.
Category: Enlightenment and Awakening
Question 10
Massachusetts minister Jonathan Edwards preached the 1741 sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God during the Great Awakening.
Missing Word
Edwards
Jonathan Edwards was a leading voice of the revival in New England. His vivid preaching urged listeners to recognize their sin and seek conversion.
Category: Enlightenment and Awakening
Question 11
In 1704, during Queen Anne's War, French and Native forces raided the Massachusetts town of Deerfield and took more than a hundred captives.
Missing Word
Deerfield
The raid on Deerfield killed many settlers and carried the captives north to New France. One captive, Eunice Williams, was raised by the Mohawks and chose to remain with them.
Category: Wars for Empire
Question 12
In 1754 the French built Fort Duquesne where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join to form the Ohio.
Missing Word
Duquesne
Fort Duquesne anchored France's claim to the Ohio Country, which Virginia land speculators also claimed. The British took the site in 1758.
Category: Wars for Empire
Question 13
In 1753 Virginia's governor sent a young militia officer, George Washington, to deliver a message ordering the French to leave the Ohio Country.
Missing Word
Washington
George Washington, a surveyor whose family helped found the Ohio Company of Virginia, carried the warning to French posts in the Ohio Country, and the French refused to leave. He returned with troops the next year, and the fighting that followed grew into the French and Indian War.
Category: Wars for Empire
Question 14
William Pitt, who directed Britain's war effort as secretary of state, poured British money and troops into the fight against France and helped turn the tide in 1758.
Missing Word
Pitt
William Pitt committed vast resources to the war in North America and promised that Parliament would reimburse the colonies for the troops and supplies they raised. British victories soon followed.
Category: Wars for Empire
Question 15
In 1759 British troops led by General James Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham and captured the capital of New France.
Missing Word
Wolfe
James Wolfe won the battle outside Quebec in 1759 but was killed in the fighting, as was the French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm. The fall of Quebec, followed by Montreal in 1760, collapsed French power in North America.
Category: Wars for Empire