In 1660, after a decade without a king, the English invited which ruler to take the throne, an event known as the Restoration?
Charles II
✓
James II
William III
Richard Cromwell
Correct Answer
Charles II
Charles II, son of the executed Charles I, returned in 1660 and went on to found or charter several new colonies. James II was his younger brother, who became king in 1685. William III took the throne with Mary II in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution. Richard Cromwell was Oliver Cromwell's son, whose weak rule helped bring back the monarchy.
Category: English Politics
Question 2
The Carolinas, New Jersey and Pennsylvania all began as what type of colony, granted by the king to a trusted individual, family or group?
Royal colonies
Proprietary colonies
✓
Corporate colonies
Joint-stock colonies
Correct Answer
Proprietary colonies
Proprietary colonies were owned and governed by the people who received the royal grant, such as William Penn in Pennsylvania. Royal colonies were governed directly by the crown through appointed governors. Corporate colonies, such as Connecticut and Rhode Island, were self-governing under a charter. Joint-stock colonies, such as early Virginia, were run by companies of investors.
Category: Restoration Colonies
Question 3
Which two crops became the basis of South Carolina's plantation economy in the 1700s?
Tobacco and wheat
Sugar and molasses
Rice and indigo
✓
Cotton and hemp
Correct Answer
Rice and indigo
South Carolina planters grew rice and indigo, a plant that yields blue dye, using the labor of enslaved Africans. Tobacco and wheat were the crops of the Chesapeake and the middle colonies. Sugar and molasses came from the Caribbean sugar islands. Cotton and hemp were not the colony's staples in this period; cotton became dominant only after the 1790s.
Category: Restoration Colonies
Question 4
Which group of settlers brought slavery and harsh slave codes with them when they settled southern Carolina in the late 1600s?
Puritans from Massachusetts
Quakers from Pennsylvania
Farmers from New Netherland
Planters from Barbados
✓
Correct Answer
Planters from Barbados
Planters from Barbados, an English sugar colony built on enslaved labor, helped settle the Charles Town area after 1670, and Carolina modeled Carolina's slave laws on Barbados codes. Puritans from Massachusetts settled New England towns. Quakers from Pennsylvania were associated with tolerance, and some opposed slavery. Farmers from New Netherland settled the Hudson Valley.
Category: Restoration Colonies
Question 5
During the Yamasee War of 1715 to 1718, which Native nation's alliance with the English helped the Carolina colonists survive?
Cherokee
✓
Creek
Powhatan
Pueblo
Correct Answer
Cherokee
The Cherokee sided with the English, which helped the colonists withstand a coalition that nearly drove them out of the Carolinas and showed the disunity among Native groups. The Creek were among the nations that fought the English. The Powhatan were a Chesapeake confederacy defeated in the 1640s. The Pueblo lived in Spanish New Mexico.
Category: Restoration Colonies
Question 6
In 1664, English forces seized New Netherland, and the king granted it to his younger brother. What was the colony renamed?
New Hampshire
New York
✓
Delaware
Maryland
Correct Answer
New York
Charles II gave the colony to James, Duke of York, and it was renamed New York in his honor; the Dutch briefly retook it in 1673 before England regained control. New Hampshire was a New England colony north of Massachusetts. Delaware became a separate colony later, after William Penn received the region in 1682. Maryland was chartered in 1634 to the Calvert family.
Category: Restoration Colonies
Question 7
Pennsylvania's founder William Penn belonged to the Society of Friends. What did members of this faith believe?
Only a chosen elect will be saved
Kings rule by divine right
Every person has an inner light from God
✓
Bishops must govern the church
Correct Answer
Every person has an inner light from God
Friends believed that an inner light from God dwelt in every person, so they rejected Puritan predestination and worldly ranks. The idea that only a chosen elect will be saved is Calvinist predestination, which they rejected. The belief that kings rule by divine right was a royal claim, not a Friends teaching. The view that bishops must govern the church belonged to the Church of England, which persecuted them.
Category: Restoration Colonies
Question 8
William Penn made a friendship covenant with which Native people and bought their land at fair prices?
Wampanoag
Yamasee
Pequot
Lenni Lenape
✓
Correct Answer
Lenni Lenape
Penn's pacifist faith led him to deal fairly with the Lenni Lenape, also called the Delaware, and Pennsylvania avoided frontier wars in its early years. The Wampanoag lived in southern New England. The Yamasee lived in the Southeast and fought the Carolina colonists. The Pequot lived in southern New England and were attacked by the Puritans in 1637.
Category: Restoration Colonies
Question 9
The Navigation Acts reflected mercantilism. What did this economic theory hold?
Colonies exist to enrich the home country through controlled trade
✓
Markets work best with no government rules
Colonies should trade freely with any nation
Wealth comes from land, not from trade
Correct Answer
Colonies exist to enrich the home country through controlled trade
Mercantilists believed a nation grew rich by controlling trade, so the Navigation Acts required that colonial goods travel in English ships and that enumerated articles go only to England or its colonies. The view that markets work best with no government rules is the opposite, free-market position. The idea that colonies should trade freely with any nation contradicts the acts' whole purpose. The claim that wealth comes from land, not from trade, belongs to a later theory, physiocracy, that ran against mercantilist thinking.
Category: Trade and Mercantilism
Question 10
What is the name for Britain's loose enforcement of the Navigation Acts in the early 1700s, associated with Prime Minister Robert Walpole?
Enumeration
Salutary neglect
✓
Nonconformity
Mercantilism
Correct Answer
Salutary neglect
Under salutary neglect, Britain largely looked the other way on colonial trade rules, believing commerce thrived with few restrictions, and New England merchants prospered. Enumeration was the listing of goods, such as tobacco and sugar, that could be shipped only within the empire. Nonconformity was Protestant refusal to follow the Church of England. Mercantilism was the theory behind the trade laws themselves.
Category: Trade and Mercantilism
Question 11
How did New England merchants usually respond to the Molasses Act of 1733, which taxed molasses from French and Dutch islands?
They stopped distilling rum entirely
They paid the full duty as the law required
They smuggled the goods to avoid the duty
✓
They petitioned for war against France
Correct Answer
They smuggled the goods to avoid the duty
Because Britain did not enforce the act, merchants routinely smuggled cheaper foreign molasses to make rum. Stopping rum distilling entirely did not happen, since rum was a major New England product. Paying the full duty was rare because enforcement was lax. Petitioning for war against France was not their response to the tax.
Category: Trade and Mercantilism
Question 12
James II appointed which official to govern the Dominion of New England, the regime that Bostonians overthrew in 1689?
Jacob Leisler
William Berkeley
James Oglethorpe
Edmund Andros
✓
Correct Answer
Edmund Andros
Sir Edmund Andros questioned colonists' land titles, enforced the Navigation Acts and brought Church of England worship to Puritan Boston, and Bostonians jailed him when news of the Glorious Revolution arrived. Jacob Leisler led the 1689 uprising against the Dominion in New York. William Berkeley was the governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion. James Oglethorpe founded Georgia in 1733.
Category: Glorious Revolution
Question 13
Why did many English Protestants turn against King James II in 1688?
He was Catholic and sought absolute power
✓
He refused to go to war with France
He disbanded the army in peacetime
He gave Parliament sweeping new powers
Correct Answer
He was Catholic and sought absolute power
James II had converted to Catholicism, modeled his rule on the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV, and kept a standing army, and the birth of his son raised the prospect of a Catholic heir. Refusing war with France was not the grievance, since he admired the French king. Disbanding the army is the opposite of what he did. Giving Parliament new powers is the opposite of his goal of centralizing power in the crown.
Category: Glorious Revolution
Question 14
What form of government did the English Bill of Rights of 1689 establish?
Absolute monarchy
Constitutional monarchy
✓
Republic
Theocracy
Correct Answer
Constitutional monarchy
The Bill of Rights limited the crown, affirmed Parliament's independence and freedom of speech in its debates, protected the right to petition the king, and barred excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments. Absolute monarchy was what James II had sought. A republic, government without a monarch, had existed in England only during the Interregnum. A theocracy, rule by religious authorities, was not established.
Category: Glorious Revolution
Question 15
Which thinker argued in Two Treatises of Government (1690) that government is a contract with the people and exists to protect life, liberty and property?
Benjamin Franklin
Jonathan Edwards
John Locke
✓
George Whitefield
Correct Answer
John Locke
John Locke rejected the divine right of kings and argued for limited, representative government, ideas that deeply influenced colonists. Benjamin Franklin was an American printer and scientist of the Enlightenment. Jonathan Edwards was a Massachusetts minister of the Great Awakening. George Whitefield was an English revival preacher.
Category: Glorious Revolution
Question 16
How did South Carolina respond to the Stono Rebellion of 1739?
It abolished slavery in the colony
It freed enslaved people who served in the militia
It banned rice planting near Charles Town
It passed a strict law limiting enslaved people's movement and assembly
✓
Correct Answer
It passed a strict law limiting enslaved people's movement and assembly
The Negro Act of 1740 barred enslaved people from assembling, growing their own food, learning to write and traveling freely. Abolishing slavery in the colony did not happen; slavery remained the base of South Carolina's rice economy. Freeing enslaved people who served in the militia was not part of the response. Banning rice planting would have destroyed the colony's economy and never happened.
Category: Slavery and Society
Question 17
Which popular series of pamphlets by two English writers, John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, warned readers that English liberty was under constant threat from those in power?
Cato's Letters
✓
Poor Richard's Almanack
Common Sense
The Federalist
Correct Answer
Cato's Letters
Cato's Letters, a series of 144 pamphlets, warned that those in power were always working to undermine liberty, an idea that spread through the colonies with the growth of print. Poor Richard's Almanack was Benjamin Franklin's colonial almanac of practical sayings. Common Sense was Thomas Paine's 1776 pamphlet calling for American independence. The Federalist was a series of essays from 1787 and 1788 urging ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Category: Slavery and Society
Question 18
Which English minister drew enormous crowds on preaching tours of the colonies during the First Great Awakening?
Jonathan Edwards
George Whitefield
✓
John Locke
Cotton Mather
Correct Answer
George Whitefield
George Whitefield was an itinerant evangelist whose emotional outdoor sermons attracted thousands of listeners up and down the colonies. Jonathan Edwards was a leading revivalist, but he was a colonial minister born in Connecticut, not an English visitor. John Locke was a political philosopher, not a preacher. Cotton Mather was a Boston Puritan minister of an earlier generation.
Category: Enlightenment and Awakening
Question 19
Enlightenment thinkers who believed that a creator made the universe and then left it to run by natural laws held which view?
Predestination
Pietism
Deism
✓
Calvinism
Correct Answer
Deism
Deists saw God as a creator who set the universe running under natural laws and then left it alone, a view that fit the Enlightenment emphasis on reason. Predestination is the Calvinist belief that God has already chosen who will be saved. Pietism was a movement stressing personal devotion and emotional faith. Calvinism is the broader Reformed theology that shaped the Puritans.
Category: Enlightenment and Awakening
Question 20
What dispute led to the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1754?
Control of the Caribbean sugar islands
Succession to the Spanish throne
Spanish attacks on the colony of Georgia
Rival claims to the Ohio River Valley
✓
Correct Answer
Rival claims to the Ohio River Valley
British colonists, including the Ohio Company of Virginia, and the French both claimed land in present-day western Pennsylvania, and the French built Fort Duquesne there in 1754. Control of the Caribbean sugar islands was not the trigger, although Britain later gained French islands. Succession to the Spanish throne caused Queen Anne's War. Spanish attacks on Georgia were part of the War of Jenkins' Ear.
Category: Wars for Empire