Under the Spanish labor system known as the encomienda, Native workers were assigned to individual mine and plantation owners who were supposed to protect them and teach them Christianity.
Missing Word
encomienda
The encomienda granted Spanish colonists the labor of Native people in return for promised protection and religious instruction. In practice it was highly exploitative, and it was later replaced by the repartimiento.
Category: Spanish Colonies
Question 2
The Native people of Florida who were displaced from their town of Seloy when the Spanish founded St. Augustine in 1565 were the Timucua.
Missing Word
Timucua
The Timucua lost their town to the Spanish settlement and suffered devastating population losses from disease. Catholic priests then pressed the survivors to convert in what was called a spiritual conquest.
Category: Spanish Colonies
Question 3
The uprising of 1680 that drove Spanish settlers out of New Mexico for twelve years is named for the Pueblo peoples who carried it out.
Missing Word
Pueblo
The Pueblo Revolt, led by Popé, followed decades of Franciscan pressure to abandon traditional religion, made worse by drought and raids in the 1670s. It killed hundreds of Spaniards before Spain returned in 1692.
Category: Spanish Colonies
Question 4
In 1626 Peter Minuit, director of New Netherland, bought Manhattan Island from the Lenape in exchange for trade goods.
Missing Word
Minuit
Peter Minuit's purchase gave the Dutch West India Company the site of New Amsterdam, the colony's capital at the island's southern tip. The Lenape likely understood the deal as an agreement to share use of the land rather than a permanent sale.
Category: Dutch and French Colonies
Question 5
French farmer-settlers who struggled to survive along the St. Lawrence River were known by the French term habitants.
Missing Word
habitants
Habitants were the farming settlers of New France. Their small numbers left the colony dependent on the fur trade and on Native allies.
Category: Dutch and French Colonies
Question 6
Founded in 1607, Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America.
Missing Word
Jamestown
Jamestown, in Virginia, was sponsored by the Virginia Company of London. It nearly collapsed from hunger, disease and conflict before tobacco gave it a profitable base.
Category: Chesapeake Colonies
Question 7
Nathaniel Bacon led his 1676 rebellion against Virginia's royal governor, William Berkeley, who had tried to limit frontier expansion onto Native land.
Missing Word
Berkeley
Governor William Berkeley signed treaties with Native neighbors and forbade expansion to avoid war, angering land-hungry settlers led by Bacon. The rebels forced Berkeley to flee and burned the colonial capital before royal troops arrived.
Category: Chesapeake Colonies
Question 8
William Bradford, elected governor of Plymouth in 1621 and reelected many times, later wrote the history Of Plymouth Plantation.
Missing Word
Bradford
William Bradford led Plymouth for most of the years from 1621 to 1656. His history of the colony is a main source on the Pilgrims' early years, including their alliance with the Wampanoag.
Category: Puritan New England
Question 9
In 1636 the Massachusetts Bay government founded Harvard College, the first college in English North America, largely to train ministers.
Missing Word
Harvard
Puritans valued an educated clergy who could read scripture closely. The college took its name in 1639 from John Harvard, a minister who left it his library and half his estate.
Category: Puritan New England
Question 10
Anne Hutchinson was tried and banished from Massachusetts Bay after claiming direct revelation from God and accusing the colony's ministers of preaching a covenant of works.
Missing Word
Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson challenged the authority of Puritan ministers, which made her a threat to the colony's order. After her banishment she went to Rhode Island and later to New Netherland.
Category: Puritan New England
Question 11
In King Philip's War, the Narragansett of present-day Rhode Island joined the Wampanoag, Nipmuck and Pocumtuck in fighting to drive the English from the land.
Missing Word
Narragansett
The Narragansett were a powerful nation around Narragansett Bay who had allied with the Puritans against the Pequot in the 1630s. In the war of 1675 to 1676 they fought alongside Metacom's Wampanoag, and the English victory cost them heavily in lives and land.
Category: Native Relations
Question 12
In 1637 Puritan forces and their Native allies attacked a fortified village of the Pequot along the Mystic River, killing nearly everyone inside.
Missing Word
Pequot
The Pequot War pitted the Puritans, allied with the Narragansett and Mohegan, against the Pequot. The massacre at Mystic horrified even the Puritans' Native allies.
Category: Native Relations
Question 13
Iron awls from Europe made it easier for coastal Native peoples to produce wampum, shell beads used in ceremonies, as jewelry and as currency.
Missing Word
wampum
Wampum was made from shells and carried ceremonial, decorative and monetary value. European tools sharply increased its production after contact.
Category: Impact of Colonization
Question 14
European demand for hats made from the fur of the beaver led to overhunting that wiped the animal out across much of New England.
Missing Word
beaver
Fur traders and Native hunters supplied beaver pelts for the European hat market. The loss of beaver ponds also reduced habitat and water for fish, deer and moose.
Category: Impact of Colonization
Question 15
A 1662 Virginia law declared that a child born in the colony would be free or enslaved according to the condition of the mother.
Missing Word
mother
The law reversed the English custom that a child's status followed the father, so children of enslaved women were born enslaved even when the father was a free Englishman. It helped make slavery hereditary and tied it to race.
Category: Chesapeake Colonies