Which Spanish colonial labor system required Native American towns to supply pools of workers to Spanish colonists?
Repartimiento
✓
Encomienda
Headright system
Patroonship
Correct Answer
Repartimiento
Repartimiento replaced the earlier encomienda and obligated Native towns to provide laborers to Spanish colonizers. Encomienda assigned Native workers to individual mine and plantation owners rather than drawing on whole towns. The headright system granted land to Virginia colonists who paid for passage. A patroonship was a large Dutch land grant in New Netherland.
Category: Spanish Colonies
Question 2
In 1565, after destroying the French Huguenot outpost of Fort Caroline, Pedro Menéndez founded which settlement in Florida?
Santa Fe
St. Augustine
✓
Jamestown
Quebec
Correct Answer
St. Augustine
St. Augustine, founded in 1565, became the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the continental United States, and it displaced the Timucua town of Seloy. Santa Fe was founded in New Mexico in the early 1600s. Jamestown was the English settlement founded in Virginia in 1607. Quebec was a French fur-trading outpost on the St. Lawrence River.
Category: Spanish Colonies
Question 3
Who led the coordinated uprising of 1680 that drove Spanish settlers out of New Mexico for more than a decade?
Metacom
Massasoit
Popé
✓
Wahunsonacook
Correct Answer
Popé
Popé called for a return to traditional Native ways and led the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, which killed hundreds of Spaniards and forced the survivors south; Spain did not regain control until 1692. Metacom led the Wampanoag and their allies against New England in King Philip's War. Massasoit was the Wampanoag leader who made peace with Plymouth in 1621. Wahunsonacook led the Powhatan confederacy in the Chesapeake.
Category: Spanish Colonies
Question 4
In the late 1590s, which Spanish leader, acting under orders from King Philip II, led settlers and soldiers north to found the colony of New Mexico?
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
Hernando de Soto
Juan Ponce de León
Juan de Oñate
✓
Correct Answer
Juan de Oñate
Juan de Oñate led settlers, soldiers and Franciscan missionaries north into New Mexico in the late 1590s and claimed the region for Spain, beginning Spanish rule over the Pueblo peoples. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored the Southwest in the early 1540s but founded no colony. Hernando de Soto led an expedition through the Southeast in the early 1540s. Juan Ponce de León explored Florida in 1513.
Category: Spanish Colonies
Question 5
Which company controlled all commerce in the colony of New Netherland?
Dutch West India Company
✓
Virginia Company of London
Royal African Company
Massachusetts Bay Company
Correct Answer
Dutch West India Company
The Dutch West India Company ran the trade of New Netherland and drove its economy, which centered on furs; it was also deeply involved in the Atlantic slave trade. The Virginia Company of London sponsored Jamestown. The Royal African Company was the English company chartered in 1672 to carry enslaved Africans to English colonies. The Massachusetts Bay Company held the charter of the Puritan colony in New England.
Category: Dutch and French Colonies
Question 6
In New Netherland, investors who paid to settle tenant farmers received huge estates that came with governing rights over those tenants. What were these grants called?
Headrights
Patroonships
✓
Encomiendas
Praying towns
Correct Answer
Patroonships
Patroonships went to investors who settled at least thirty farmers on the land, and they created a wide gap in wealth between patroons and the tenants who paid them rent. Headrights were Virginia land grants of 50 acres per person brought to the colony. Encomiendas were Spanish grants of Native labor. Praying towns were communities of Native Christian converts in Puritan New England.
Category: Dutch and French Colonies
Question 7
Which director-general of New Netherland, serving from 1647 to 1664, took over New Sweden and expanded the Dutch colony along the Hudson River?
Samuel de Champlain
Kiliaen van Rensselaer
Peter Stuyvesant
✓
Henry Hudson
Correct Answer
Peter Stuyvesant
Peter Stuyvesant extended the colony to Long Island and up the Hudson, absorbed New Sweden on the Delaware River in 1655 and ordered the defensive wall that gave Wall Street its name. Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec for France. Kiliaen van Rensselaer was a company director who held the largest patroonship. Henry Hudson was the explorer whose 1609 voyage gave the Dutch their claim to the region, but he never governed the colony.
Category: Dutch and French Colonies
Question 8
What economic activity was the foundation of both New France and New Netherland in the 1600s?
Tobacco planting
Sugar refining
Silver mining
The fur trade
✓
Correct Answer
The fur trade
French and Dutch colonies were small commercial ventures built on trading European goods to Native peoples for furs, especially beaver pelts, which supplied the European hat market. Tobacco planting was the base of the English Chesapeake colonies. Sugar was grown mainly on Caribbean islands such as Barbados. Silver mining enriched Spain's colonies in Mexico and South America.
Category: Dutch and French Colonies
Question 9
In the Beaver Wars, the French armed their Algonquian allies against which powerful confederacy, which obtained its guns from Dutch traders?
Iroquois
✓
Powhatan
Pueblo
Timucua
Correct Answer
Iroquois
The Beaver Wars were fought over control of the fur trade, with French-armed Algonquian peoples opposing the Iroquois, who traded with the Dutch, and the fighting spread across the Great Lakes region. The Powhatan were an Algonquian confederacy in the Chesapeake. The Pueblo lived in New Mexico under Spanish rule. The Timucua were a Native people of Florida.
Category: Dutch and French Colonies
Question 10
Which Catholic religious order, founded in the 1540s to spread Catholicism and counter Protestantism, sent missionaries to New France and published annual reports on their work?
Franciscans
Jesuits
✓
Puritans
Huguenots
Correct Answer
Jesuits
The Jesuits, or Society of Jesus, reached Quebec in the 1620s and worked among Native peoples, including the Iroquois from the 1660s, and their annual Relations are a major source on Native responses to colonization. Franciscans were the Catholic missionaries active in Spanish New Mexico. Puritans were English Protestant reformers. Huguenots were French Protestants.
Category: Dutch and French Colonies
Question 11
Jamestown was sponsored by the Virginia Company of London, a joint-stock company. How did such a company work?
The crown paid all costs and kept all profits
Settlers owned the venture and answered to no one
Investors pooled money and shared profits and risks
✓
A church funded the colony to spread its faith
Correct Answer
Investors pooled money and shared profits and risks
In a joint-stock company, many investors bought shares, spreading the risk of a costly overseas venture and expecting a share of any profits, which is why Jamestown's backers wanted a quick return. The crown paying all costs describes a royal venture, not a joint-stock company. Settlers worked for the company rather than owning it. A church-funded colony describes a religious mission, not a company organized for profit.
Category: Chesapeake Colonies
Question 12
Under Virginia's headright system, what did a colonist receive for paying the passage of a servant to the colony?
A seat in the assembly
An exemption from taxes
A share of company stock
50 acres of land
✓
Correct Answer
50 acres of land
The headright system granted 50 acres to anyone who paid their own way and 50 more for each servant or family member they brought, which rewarded planters for importing laborers. A seat in the assembly came through election, not through paying passage. An exemption from taxes was not part of the system. A share of company stock was bought by investors, not earned by bringing servants.
Category: Chesapeake Colonies
Question 13
What did the Royal African Company, chartered by the English crown in 1672, hold a monopoly on?
Transporting enslaved Africans to English colonies
✓
Trading furs in the Hudson River Valley
Selling Virginia tobacco in Europe
Governing the colony of Barbados
Correct Answer
Transporting enslaved Africans to English colonies
The Royal African Company held the exclusive right to carry enslaved Africans to England's colonies until Parliament opened the trade to independent merchants in 1698. Trading furs in the Hudson River Valley was the business of the Dutch West India Company. Selling Virginia tobacco in Europe was done by many merchants, not one chartered monopoly. Governing the colony of Barbados was the role of its colonial government, not this trading company.
Category: Slavery and Trade
Question 14
Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, intended the colony of Maryland, chartered in 1634, as a refuge for which group?
Separatist Pilgrims
English Catholics
✓
French Huguenots
Dutch merchants
Correct Answer
English Catholics
The Calvert family were Catholics, and Maryland was meant to shelter English Catholics, who faced discrimination in Protestant England, although the colony's economy came to rest on tobacco like Virginia's. Separatist Pilgrims settled Plymouth in New England. French Huguenots were Protestants who had tried to settle in Florida. Dutch merchants settled New Netherland.
Category: Chesapeake Colonies
Question 15
Historians see Bacon's Rebellion of 1675 to 1676 as speeding up which change in Virginia's labor system?
From slavery toward free wage labor
From tobacco planting toward sugar growing
From indentured servitude toward racial slavery
✓
From private farms toward company plantations
Correct Answer
From indentured servitude toward racial slavery
The rebellion showed planters how dangerous a large class of discontented former servants could be, especially when Black and White laborers joined together, and laws of 1680 and 1682 soon tightened racial slavery for life. The move from slavery toward free wage labor did not happen in colonial Virginia. The move from tobacco planting toward sugar growing happened in Barbados, not Virginia. The move from private farms toward company plantations did not happen, since the Virginia Company had lost its charter in 1624.
Category: Chesapeake Colonies
Question 16
Before landing in 1620, the male passengers of the Mayflower signed a compact. What did the Mayflower Compact establish?
A peace treaty with the Wampanoag
A royal charter granting them land
A trade alliance with the Dutch Republic
A civil body politic to make just laws
✓
Correct Answer
A civil body politic to make just laws
The Mayflower Compact bound its signers to form a civil body politic and obey the laws it made, an early example of self-government grounded in a religious purpose. A peace treaty with the Wampanoag came separately in 1621 with Massasoit. A royal charter granting them land would have come from the king, not from an agreement the colonists drew up themselves. A trade alliance with the Dutch Republic was never made, although the Pilgrims had lived there before sailing.
Category: Puritan New England
Question 17
What is the Calvinist belief that God had already chosen the few people who would be saved?
Predestination
✓
Separatism
Toleration
Conversion
Correct Answer
Predestination
Predestination taught that only a small elect had been chosen for salvation, so Puritans searched their own lives and scripture for signs of grace. Separatism was the position that Puritans should break completely from the Church of England. Toleration means accepting religious differences, which Massachusetts Bay did not practice. Conversion was the spiritual experience Puritans described to gain church membership, not the doctrine of who is saved.
Category: Puritan New England
Question 18
Banished from Massachusetts Bay for questioning the seizure of Native land and opposing government punishment of religious belief, which minister founded Rhode Island?
John Winthrop
Roger Williams
✓
William Bradford
John Eliot
Correct Answer
Roger Williams
Roger Williams argued for a full break from the Church of England and for keeping the state out of matters of conscience, and the colony he founded welcomed dissenters. John Winthrop was the governor of Massachusetts Bay who supported such banishments. William Bradford was the governor of Plymouth. John Eliot was a Puritan missionary who organized praying towns for Native converts.
Category: Puritan New England
Question 19
What was the outcome of King Philip's War of 1675 to 1676 in New England?
A Wampanoag victory that stopped English expansion
A negotiated peace that returned Native lands
An English victory, with many captives sold into slavery
✓
A French takeover of the Puritan colonies
Correct Answer
An English victory, with many captives sold into slavery
Although Native forces led by Metacom attacked and destroyed many frontier Puritan towns, the English, aided by Mohegan and Christian Native allies, won and sold many captives into slavery in the West Indies. A Wampanoag victory that stopped English expansion did not happen. A negotiated peace that returned Native lands did not happen either. A French takeover of the Puritan colonies never occurred.
Category: Puritan New England
Question 20
What name is given to the ocean voyage across the Atlantic that carried captive Africans to the Americas?
Great Migration
Starving Time
Columbian Exchange
Middle Passage
✓
Correct Answer
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the leg of the Atlantic slave trade that carried captives from Africa to the Americas in crowded, disease-ridden ships, and many died before arriving. In colonial history the Great Migration names the movement of Puritan families to New England in the 1630s, and in later U.S. history it names the movement of Black Americans out of the South; neither was the slave-trade crossing. The Starving Time was the famine at Jamestown in the winter of 1609 to 1610. The Columbian Exchange is the broad transfer of plants, animals and diseases between hemispheres.
Category: Slavery and Trade