Harry Hopkins, one of Roosevelt's closest advisers, ran federal relief efforts and later headed the Works Progress Administration.
Missing Word
Hopkins
Harry Hopkins directed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civil Works Administration and the Works Progress Administration. He favored putting people to work rather than simply handing out aid.
Category: First New Deal Programs
Question 2
Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes directed the Public Works Administration, which funded major construction projects across the country.
Missing Word
Ickes
Harold Ickes oversaw the Public Works Administration, which spent billions on projects such as bridges, dams and schools. He was known for careful spending that guarded against waste.
Category: First New Deal Programs
Question 3
As secretary of labor, Frances Perkins became the first woman to serve in a presidential cabinet.
Missing Word
Perkins
Frances Perkins held the post through Roosevelt's entire presidency. She helped shape Social Security and the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Category: Impact on Americans
Question 4
Senator Huey Long of Louisiana won millions of followers with his Share Our Wealth plan to break up great fortunes and give every family a guaranteed sum.
Missing Word
Long
Huey Long attacked the New Deal for doing too little and seemed a possible challenger to Roosevelt. His movement faded after he was assassinated in 1935.
Category: Critics and the Courts
Question 5
Father Charles Coughlin, known as the radio priest, used his weekly broadcasts to attack Roosevelt for doing too little and founded the National Union for Social Justice.
Missing Word
Coughlin
Charles Coughlin was a Catholic priest from Michigan whose radio sermons reached millions. He called for monetary reform and the nationalization of key industries.
Category: Critics and the Courts
Question 6
Francis Townsend of California proposed a monthly pension of $200 for every retired American over sixty who agreed to spend it within a month.
Missing Word
Townsend
The Townsend Plan drew a large following among older Americans. Pressure from such movements helped push Congress toward the old-age pensions in the Social Security Act.
Category: Critics and the Courts
Question 7
Republican Alf Landon, the governor of Kansas, carried only two states when he lost the 1936 presidential election to Roosevelt.
Missing Word
Landon
Alf Landon won only Maine and Vermont. Roosevelt's landslide showed broad public support for the New Deal heading into his second term.
Category: The Second New Deal
Question 8
Educator Mary McLeod Bethune directed the Division of Negro Affairs within the National Youth Administration.
Missing Word
Bethune
Mary McLeod Bethune was one of the most influential African American advisers in the Roosevelt administration. She pressed for Black Americans to receive a fair share of New Deal aid.
Category: Impact on Americans
Question 9
After the Daughters of the American Revolution barred her from Constitution Hall in 1939, singer Marian Anderson performed before a huge crowd at the Lincoln Memorial.
Missing Word
Anderson
Marian Anderson was a celebrated African American contralto. Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from the DAR in protest, and the outdoor concert became a landmark moment for civil rights.
Category: Impact on Americans
Question 10
British economist John Maynard Keynes argued that government spending, even if it ran up a budget deficit, could keep people employed during a downturn.
Missing Word
Keynes
Keynes's ideas influenced advisers who urged Roosevelt to resume heavy spending after the 1937 recession. His approach became known as Keynesian economics.
Category: The Second New Deal
Question 11
John Collier, the commissioner of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945, championed the Indian New Deal and helped return land to tribal ownership.
Missing Word
Collier
John Collier pushed for the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which encouraged tribal self-government and the preservation of Native cultures. His policies broke with decades of forced assimilation.
Category: Impact on Americans
Question 12
Novelist Upton Sinclair ran for governor of California in 1934 on a program called End Poverty in California.
Missing Word
Sinclair
Upton Sinclair proposed putting the unemployed to work in cooperatives and taxing the wealthy more heavily. He lost the race but drew national attention to calls for bolder reform.
Category: Critics and the Courts
Question 13
The Wagner Act of 1935 guaranteed workers the right to join unions and bargain collectively and created the National Labor Relations Board.
Missing Word
Wagner
Named for Senator Robert Wagner of New York, the act was a landmark for organized labor. Union membership grew rapidly after it passed, and labor became a pillar of the Democratic coalition.
Category: The Second New Deal
Question 14
John L. Lewis, the head of the United Mine Workers, led the industrial unions that split with the American Federation of Labor and formed the CIO.
Missing Word
Lewis
John L. Lewis built the CIO into a force that organized mass-production industries such as steel and autos. His mine workers' union gave heavily to Roosevelt's 1936 campaign.
Category: The Second New Deal
Question 15
Roosevelt's victories built a coalition of organized labor, ethnic minorities and African Americans that supported the Democratic Party for decades.
Missing Word
Democratic
The New Deal coalition brought together urban workers, immigrants and their children, African Americans and white Southerners behind the Democratic Party. Many African Americans shifted their loyalty from the party of Lincoln during the 1930s.
Category: Roosevelt's Rise