Columbus founded Spain's first settlement in the Americas on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, now shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
Missing Word
Hispaniola
Hispaniola was the base for Spain's early empire in the Caribbean. Its Taíno population collapsed under forced labor and disease.
Category: Spain and Portugal
Question 2
In Spain's American colonies, a person of mixed Native American and Spanish ancestry was called a mestizo.
Missing Word
mestizo
Mestizo is the Spanish term for a person of mixed Indigenous American and European descent. Over time, mestizos became a large part of the population of Spanish America.
Category: Spanish Conquest
Question 3
Luther's protest of 1517 set off the Reformation, the upheaval that split Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant churches.
Missing Word
Reformation
The Reformation was the sixteenth-century movement to reform the Church that instead divided it. It fueled religious wars and rivalries that carried over into the Atlantic world.
Category: Protestant Reformation
Question 4
The French-born reformer John Calvin led a strict Protestant community in Geneva and taught predestination.
Missing Word
Calvin
John Calvin fled France and made Geneva a center of Protestant reform. His ideas spread to the Netherlands and Scotland and shaped the English Puritans.
Category: Protestant Reformation
Question 5
Elizabeth I backed the English privateer Francis Drake, whose raids on Spanish treasure ships and towns in the Caribbean made him a hero in England.
Missing Word
Drake
Francis Drake was one of the best known of the sea captains Elizabeth allowed to raid Spanish shipping. His attacks brought Spanish treasure to England and angered Philip II of Spain.
Category: Rivals of Spain
Question 6
In 1497, Henry VII of England sent the Italian mariner John Cabot across the North Atlantic, giving England an early claim in North America.
Missing Word
Cabot
John Cabot's voyage gave England a claim to North America, though England did little with it for most of the next century beyond fishing off the coast.
Category: Rivals of Spain
Question 7
Jacques Cartier made three voyages to the Saint Lawrence region between 1534 and 1541 and claimed it for France.
Missing Word
Cartier
Cartier explored the Saint Lawrence and claimed the region as New France, but his attempts at a permanent settlement failed.
Category: Rivals of Spain
Question 8
In 1608, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec on the Saint Lawrence River, and it became the center of New France.
Missing Word
Champlain
Samuel de Champlain made many Atlantic crossings to promote New France. Quebec became a fur-trading base from which the French built alliances with Native peoples such as the Huron and Algonquins.
Category: Rivals of Spain
Question 9
In 1620, the Pilgrims crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower and founded Plymouth colony in present-day Massachusetts.
Missing Word
Mayflower
The Mayflower carried about a hundred passengers, among them Separatists who wanted to break completely from the Church of England. Before going ashore, the men aboard signed the Mayflower Compact to govern themselves.
Category: Rivals of Spain
Question 10
Settled by the English in 1627, the Caribbean island of Barbados became a rich sugar colony that depended on enslaved African labor.
Missing Word
Barbados
Barbados grew into one of England's most valuable colonies. Its plantation system relied on enslaved Africans, who came to make up most of its population.
Category: Labor and Mercantilism
Question 11
After conquering the Inca, Francisco Pizarro founded Lima, which became the capital of Spanish Peru.
Missing Word
Lima
Lima, on the Pacific coast, became the seat of Spanish rule in South America. Pizarro himself was killed by Spanish rivals in 1541.
Category: Spanish Conquest
Question 12
Historians call the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after 1492 the Columbian Exchange.
Missing Word
Columbian
The Columbian Exchange, named for Columbus, reshaped diets, farming, and populations on both sides of the Atlantic. Its diseases devastated Native Americans.
Category: Columbian Exchange
Question 13
Native peoples used tobacco in ritual and medicine, and after Europeans took up smoking it became a leading colonial export crop.
Missing Word
tobacco
Tobacco is a plant native to the Americas. Europeans first viewed its use with suspicion, then adopted it, and colonists of several empires grew it for sale.
Category: Columbian Exchange
Question 14
The potato, a tuber first domesticated in the Andes, became a staple food in Europe after it crossed the Atlantic.
Missing Word
potato
The potato is an American crop that grows well in cool climates. Its high yields helped feed Europe's growing population.
Category: Columbian Exchange
Question 15
Molasses drained from Caribbean sugar was distilled into rum, a valuable export.
Missing Word
rum
Rum is a liquor distilled from molasses, a byproduct of sugar making. It added to the profits of the sugar plantation system.
Category: Columbian Exchange