John C. Calhoun's doctrine of nullification held that a state could declare a federal law void within its own borders.
Missing Word
nullification
Nullification claimed that the states, as parties to the Constitution, could refuse to enforce federal laws they judged unconstitutional. South Carolina used it against the tariffs of 1828 and 1832.
Category: Tariffs and Nullification
Question 2
The Cherokee Nation, which had adopted a written constitution and published its own newspaper, brought a suit against the state of Georgia, decided by the Supreme Court in 1831, to block laws aimed at taking its land.
Missing Word
Cherokee
The Cherokee Nation of the Southeast had adopted many Anglo-American institutions. It took its case to the Supreme Court, but the state and federal governments pressed ahead with removal.
Category: Indian Removal
Question 3
The Seminole people of Florida waged a long war against the U.S. Army beginning in 1835 to resist removal from their homeland.
Missing Word
Seminole
The Seminole, joined by people who had escaped slavery, fought one of the costliest wars the United States waged against a Native nation. Most were eventually forced west, though some remained in Florida.
Category: Indian Removal
Question 4
Under the Indian Removal Act, Native nations of the Southeast were forced west to lands in present-day Oklahoma.
Missing Word
Oklahoma
Present-day Oklahoma held the lands assigned to the removed southeastern nations, often called Indian Territory. The Cherokee reached it after the Trail of Tears.
Category: Indian Removal
Question 5
The Whig Party, built by opponents of Andrew Jackson, won its first presidential election in 1840.
Missing Word
Whig
The Whig Party formed in 1834 to oppose Jackson and favored a national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements. It finally won the White House with William Henry Harrison.
Category: Elections and Parties
Question 6
Andrew Jackson's nickname, Old Hickory, praised his toughness, and his supporters named their local campaign clubs after it.
Missing Word
Hickory
Hickory is a hard, tough wood, and the nickname dated from Jackson's military service. Hickory Clubs helped bring ordinary voters into the 1828 campaign.
Category: Expanding Democracy
Question 7
In 1832 Jackson issued a veto that killed the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the United States.
Missing Word
veto
A veto is a president's rejection of a bill passed by Congress. Jackson's veto message cast the bank as a tool of the privileged few, and Congress could not override it.
Category: The Bank War
Question 8
Harrison's supporters in 1840 chanted 'Tippecanoe and Tyler too,' recalling his 1811 battle against a Native confederacy in Indiana Territory.
Missing Word
Tippecanoe
Harrison's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe made him a military hero, and the slogan paired it with his running mate, John Tyler. Catchy slogans like this were a hallmark of the 1840 campaign.
Category: Majority Rule and 1840
Question 9
Kentucky senator Henry Clay helped defuse South Carolina's standoff with the federal government by sponsoring the Compromise Tariff of 1833.
Missing Word
Clay
Henry Clay, known as the Great Compromiser, arranged a tariff that lowered rates gradually over the following years. South Carolina accepted it and withdrew its nullification of the tariffs.
Category: Tariffs and Nullification
Question 10
After 1816 the Federalist Party never again ran a presidential candidate, and it soon faded away.
Missing Word
Federalist
The Federalist Party of Hamilton and John Adams lost support after the War of 1812. Its collapse left the Democratic-Republicans as the only national party until new parties formed around Jackson.
Category: Elections and Parties
Question 11
Crowds of ordinary citizens poured into the White House after Jackson's 1829 inauguration, a scene that symbolized a new, more popular political style.
Missing Word
inauguration
An inauguration is the ceremony in which a president takes office. Jackson's was open to the public, and the rowdy crowd that followed him to the White House became a symbol of rule by the majority.
Category: Expanding Democracy
Question 12
French writer Alexis de Tocqueville toured the United States in the early 1830s and later published Democracy in America.
Missing Word
Tocqueville
Alexis de Tocqueville admired American equality before the law but warned of the tyranny of the majority. His two-volume study appeared in 1835 and 1840.
Category: Majority Rule and 1840
Question 13
Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the Supreme Court's 1832 opinion in Worcester v. Georgia, which upheld Native sovereignty against state law.
Missing Word
Marshall
John Marshall described Native nations as distinct political communities with rights to their lands. The ruling established a principle of tribal sovereignty even though Jackson did not enforce it.
Category: Indian Removal
Question 14
Before 1824, each party's members of Congress chose its presidential nominee at a closed meeting called a caucus, a method that lost credibility as new voters demanded a voice.
Missing Word
caucus
A caucus is a private meeting of party members to choose candidates or set policy. As voting rights spread, critics attacked the congressional caucus as undemocratic, and its choice in 1824, William H. Crawford, finished third in the electoral vote, which left the system discredited.
Category: Elections and Parties
Question 15
Jackson's Specie Circular of 1836 required buyers of public land to pay in gold or silver rather than paper money.
Missing Word
Specie
Specie means gold and silver coin. By draining hard money from banks, the circular helped bring on the Panic of 1837.
Category: The Bank War