Overactive bladder drugs relieve urgency, a sudden strong need to urinate that is hard to put off.
Missing Word
urgency
Urgency is the hallmark symptom of overactive bladder and is often joined by frequency, nocturia and urge incontinence. Antimuscarinics and beta-3 agonists reduce it by calming involuntary detrusor contractions during bladder filling.
Category: Overactive Bladder Drugs
Question 2
Methenamine hippurate acts as a urinary antiseptic because, in the urine, it breaks down into formaldehyde, which is toxic to bacteria.
Missing Word
formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is the bactericidal compound released from methenamine. Because bacteria do not develop resistance to it, methenamine can be used for long-term prevention of recurrent infection.
Category: Urinary Anti-infectives
Question 3
Patients taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole drink plenty of fluids to prevent crystalluria, the formation of drug crystals in the urine.
Missing Word
crystalluria
Crystalluria is the presence of crystals in the urine. Sulfonamides can crystallize in concentrated urine, so adequate fluid intake helps prevent crystals and stones.
Category: Urinary Anti-infectives
Question 4
Among overactive bladder antimuscarinics, trospium is a quaternary amine that crosses into the brain poorly and is taken on an empty stomach.
Missing Word
trospium
Trospium carries a permanent positive charge, so it penetrates the blood-brain barrier poorly, and food sharply reduces its absorption. It is taken before meals or on an empty stomach.
Category: Overactive Bladder Drugs
Question 5
Before the first dose of a urinary anti-infective, the nurse collects a urine specimen for culture and sensitivity testing.
Missing Word
culture
A urine culture identifies the organism, and sensitivity testing shows which drugs will kill it. Collecting the specimen before the first dose keeps the antibiotic from suppressing growth and giving a false result.
Category: Urinary Anti-infectives
Question 6
Alpha-1 blockers ease urinary hesitancy, difficulty starting the urine stream, in men with an enlarged prostate.
Missing Word
hesitancy
Hesitancy is delay or difficulty in starting urination, a classic obstructive symptom of BPH. Relaxing prostate and bladder neck smooth muscle lowers outlet resistance and improves the stream.
Category: BPH Drugs
Question 7
Among overactive bladder antimuscarinics, oxybutynin is the one available as an oral tablet, a skin patch and a topical gel.
Missing Word
oxybutynin
Oxybutynin is the prototype urinary antimuscarinic. Its transdermal forms avoid much of the first-pass metabolism that causes dry mouth with the oral form.
Category: Overactive Bladder Drugs
Question 8
Mirabegron can raise blood pressure, so it is not recommended for patients with severe uncontrolled hypertension.
Missing Word
hypertension
Hypertension is persistently elevated blood pressure. Mirabegron stimulates beta receptors and can increase blood pressure, so blood pressure is checked before and during therapy.
Category: Overactive Bladder Drugs
Question 9
When a patient taking an overactive bladder drug cannot empty a distended bladder, the urinary retention may require straight catheterization.
Missing Word
catheterization
Catheterization is passing a tube through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. Urinary retention is a serious adverse effect of drugs that relax the bladder and is reported promptly.
Category: Overactive Bladder Drugs
Question 10
A urinary analgesic relieves dysuria, the pain or burning felt during urination.
Missing Word
dysuria
Dysuria means painful urination. A urinary analgesic such as phenazopyridine acts locally on the urinary tract lining to ease it but does not treat the underlying infection.
Category: Urinary Analgesics
Question 11
Methenamine is contraindicated in renal insufficiency, severe hepatic insufficiency and severe dehydration.
Missing Word
dehydration
Dehydration is a deficit of body water. Labeling lists severe dehydration, along with renal and severe hepatic insufficiency, as contraindications to methenamine.
Category: Urinary Anti-infectives
Question 12
An overdose of phenazopyridine can cause methemoglobinemia, which appears as cyanosis and is treated with methylene blue.
Missing Word
methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which hemoglobin iron is oxidized so it cannot carry oxygen, producing bluish skin. Methylene blue converts it back to functional hemoglobin.
Category: Urinary Analgesics
Question 13
Nitrofurantoin can cause peripheral neuropathy, nerve damage that begins as numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, so the patient reports these symptoms at once.
Missing Word
neuropathy
Neuropathy is nerve damage. Peripheral neuropathy from nitrofurantoin can become severe or irreversible, and the risk is higher with renal impairment, anemia, diabetes and electrolyte imbalance, so the drug is stopped if symptoms appear.
Category: Urinary Anti-infectives
Question 14
Atropine is the specific antidote for an overdose of a cholinergic urinary stimulant.
Missing Word
Atropine
Atropine blocks muscarinic receptors and reverses the excess cholinergic effects of a urinary stimulant overdose, such as bradycardia, hypotension, sweating and bronchospasm.
Category: Urinary Stimulants
Question 15
Flavoxate is classified as a urinary antispasmodic because it relaxes urinary tract smooth muscle directly.
Missing Word
antispasmodic
An antispasmodic relieves spasm of smooth muscle. Flavoxate counteracts urinary tract muscle spasm by acting directly on the muscle and is used for symptoms such as urgency and frequency.
Category: Overactive Bladder Drugs