The only cardioselective beta blocker available as an eye drop for glaucoma, less likely than nonselective drops to cause bronchospasm, is betaxolol.
Missing Word
betaxolol
Betaxolol blocks mainly beta-1 receptors, so it affects the airways less than timolol, carteolol or levobunolol. It still calls for caution in patients with lung disease.
Category: Glaucoma Drugs
Question 2
The rho kinase inhibitor eye drop that lowers eye pressure by increasing outflow through the trabecular meshwork is netarsudil.
Missing Word
netarsudil
Netarsudil is the rho kinase inhibitor approved for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Conjunctival redness is its most common adverse effect.
Category: Glaucoma Drugs
Question 3
The polyene suspension that is the only ophthalmic antifungal approved in the United States is natamycin.
Missing Word
natamycin
Natamycin binds sterols in the fungal cell membrane and treats fungal keratitis, conjunctivitis and blepharitis. As a suspension, it must be shaken well before each use.
Category: Ocular Anti-infectives
Question 4
The ophthalmic antiviral trifluridine is a thymidine analog that interferes with viral DNA synthesis in herpes simplex keratitis.
Missing Word
trifluridine
Trifluridine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is built into viral DNA and disrupts replication of herpes simplex virus in the cornea. Use is limited in duration because of epithelial toxicity.
Category: Ocular Anti-infectives
Question 5
The calcineurin inhibitor eye emulsion that increases tear production in chronic dry eye is cyclosporine.
Missing Word
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine eye emulsion reduces inflammation in the lacrimal tissue so tear production improves gradually. The vial is inverted until the emulsion is uniformly white before use.
Category: Ocular Anti-inflammatories
Question 6
Paralysis of the ciliary muscle, which blurs near vision after drops such as cyclopentolate, is called cycloplegia.
Missing Word
cycloplegia
Cycloplegia is loss of accommodation from ciliary muscle paralysis, produced by anticholinergic drops. It allows accurate refraction testing and rests the eye in uveitis.
Category: Mydriatics and Cycloplegics
Question 7
The prostaglandin analog that lowers eye pressure in glaucoma and is also approved, as a solution applied along the upper lid margin, to treat sparse eyelashes is bimatoprost.
Missing Word
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost, like latanoprost, lowers intraocular pressure by increasing outflow of aqueous humor. Because prostaglandin analogs stimulate eyelash growth, a bimatoprost solution brushed along the upper lid margin is also approved for thin or sparse lashes, and it can still darken the eyelid skin and iris.
Category: Glaucoma Drugs
Question 8
The aminoglycoside combined with polymyxin B and bacitracin in a triple-antibiotic eye ointment, and a common cause of allergic skin reactions, is neomycin.
Missing Word
neomycin
Neomycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and is a frequent cause of allergic contact reactions, which appear as itching, redness and swelling of the lids.
Category: Ocular Anti-infectives
Question 9
Measurement of intraocular pressure, often done after numbing the cornea with an anesthetic drop, is called tonometry.
Missing Word
tonometry
Tonometry measures the pressure inside the eye, a key test for glaucoma. Contact methods require a topical anesthetic such as proparacaine or tetracaine.
Category: Anesthetics and Lubricants
Question 10
The ophthalmic NSAID that is also approved to relieve itching from seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is ketorolac.
Missing Word
ketorolac
Ketorolac eye drops treat inflammation and pain after eye surgery and itching from seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Its name is easily confused with other drugs, so labels are checked carefully.
Category: Ocular Anti-inflammatories
Question 11
A difference in iris color between the two eyes, which can follow latanoprost use in only one eye, is called heterochromia.
Missing Word
heterochromia
Heterochromia means the irises differ in color. Prostaglandin analogs can add brown pigment to the treated iris, so patients treating one eye are warned the eyes may look different.
Category: Glaucoma Drugs
Question 12
Bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye, a risk with ocular NSAIDs in patients with bleeding tendencies, is called hyphema.
Missing Word
hyphema
A hyphema is a collection of blood in the anterior chamber. Ocular NSAIDs can increase bleeding of eye tissue during and after surgery, especially with anticoagulant use.
Category: Ocular Anti-inflammatories
Question 13
The alpha-2 agonist eye drop used for long-term glaucoma control that is contraindicated in infants because it can cause CNS depression is brimonidine.
Missing Word
brimonidine
Brimonidine lowers aqueous humor production and increases uveoscleral outflow. Absorbed drug can cause lethargy, slowed breathing and low blood pressure in infants.
Category: Glaucoma Drugs
Question 14
Erythromycin eye ointment belongs to the macrolide class of antibiotics.
Missing Word
macrolide
Macrolides bind the bacterial ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis, which mainly stops bacterial growth. Erythromycin ointment is used for bacterial conjunctivitis and other surface eye infections.
Category: Ocular Anti-infectives
Question 15
The anticholinergic eye drop with the shortest duration, widely used to dilate the pupils for routine eye exams, is tropicamide.
Missing Word
tropicamide
Tropicamide produces rapid pupil dilation with mild cycloplegia that wears off sooner than other anticholinergic drops, which makes it convenient for routine dilated exams.
Category: Mydriatics and Cycloplegics