Clomiphene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator taken by mouth, is used to induce ovulation in patients trying to conceive.
Missing Word
ovulation
Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovary. Clomiphene blocks estrogen feedback at the hypothalamus, which increases FSH and LH release and promotes follicle growth and egg release.
Category: Fertility Drugs
Question 2
A prolonged, painful erection after taking a PDE5 inhibitor is called priapism and needs emergency care.
Missing Word
priapism
Priapism is a prolonged, often painful erection not relieved by ejaculation. Without prompt treatment it can permanently damage penile tissue, so patients taking PDE5 inhibitors are taught to seek emergency care.
Category: Erectile Dysfunction Drugs
Question 3
The prescription emergency contraceptive ulipristal is a progesterone receptor modulator.
Missing Word
ulipristal
Ulipristal binds the progesterone receptor and delays ovulation when taken after unprotected intercourse. Unlike levonorgestrel emergency contraception, it requires a prescription.
Category: Hormonal Contraceptives
Question 4
The single-rod contraceptive implant inserted under the skin of the upper arm releases the progestin etonogestrel.
Missing Word
etonogestrel
Etonogestrel is the progestin in the implant. It suppresses ovulation and thickens cervical mucus, and a change in bleeding pattern is a common adverse effect.
Category: Hormonal Contraceptives
Question 5
Methylergonovine and carboprost control postpartum bleeding caused by atony, poor muscle tone of the uterus after delivery.
Missing Word
atony
Uterine atony is the failure of the uterus to contract firmly after delivery and is a leading cause of postpartum hemorrhage. Uterotonic drugs such as oxytocin, methylergonovine and carboprost make the uterus contract and compress its bleeding vessels.
Category: Uterine Motility Drugs
Question 6
Hormonal intrauterine devices sold in the United States release the progestin levonorgestrel into the uterus.
Missing Word
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel acts locally to thicken cervical mucus and thin the endometrium. Hormonal IUDs often make menstrual bleeding lighter.
Category: Hormonal Contraceptives
Question 7
The prostaglandin E2 drug dinoprostone is placed in the vagina to ripen the cervix before labor is induced.
Missing Word
dinoprostone
Dinoprostone is a form of prostaglandin E2 that softens and thins the cervix so induction is more likely to succeed. The nurse monitors for excessive uterine activity and fetal heart rate changes after it is placed.
Category: Uterine Motility Drugs
Question 8
A drug given to suppress preterm uterine contractions is called a tocolytic.
Missing Word
tocolytic
A tocolytic relaxes the uterus to delay preterm birth, often to allow time for corticosteroids to mature fetal lungs. Magnesium sulfate has been used for this purpose.
Category: Uterine Motility Drugs
Question 9
After delivery, oxytocic drugs aid involution, the return of the uterus toward its nonpregnant size.
Missing Word
involution
Involution is the shrinking of the uterus after childbirth. Firm contractions promoted by oxytocics compress uterine blood vessels and limit bleeding.
Category: Uterine Motility Drugs
Question 10
Seizures that develop in a pregnant patient with a hypertensive disorder are called eclampsia, which magnesium sulfate prevents and treats.
Missing Word
eclampsia
Eclampsia is the seizure stage of hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Magnesium sulfate depresses the central nervous system and neuromuscular transmission to control these seizures.
Category: Uterine Motility Drugs
Question 11
For medical termination of an early intrauterine pregnancy, mifepristone is followed by misoprostol, a prostaglandin analog that causes uterine contractions.
Missing Word
misoprostol
Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin that softens the cervix and contracts the uterus. Taken after mifepristone, it completes expulsion of the pregnancy tissue.
Category: Uterine Motility Drugs
Question 12
Androgens and anabolic steroids can cause gynecomastia, enlargement of male breast tissue, partly because some of the drug is converted to estrogen.
Missing Word
gynecomastia
Gynecomastia is benign enlargement of male breast glandular tissue. Excess androgen can be aromatized to estrogen, which stimulates breast tissue.
Category: Androgens
Question 13
Androgen replacement is indicated for male hypogonadism, inadequate hormone production by the testes.
Missing Word
hypogonadism
Hypogonadism is deficient function of the gonads. Androgen replacement restores male sex characteristics, libido and muscle mass when the testes produce too little hormone.
Category: Androgens
Question 14
The prototype androgen drug testosterone is available as an injection, a skin gel and a transdermal patch.
Missing Word
testosterone
Testosterone is the main natural androgen and the prototype drug of the class. Its many forms let therapy fit the patient, and topical forms carry a warning about transfer to others.
Category: Androgens
Question 15
Low-dose vaginal estrogen can relieve dyspareunia, pain with intercourse caused by vaginal atrophy after menopause.
Missing Word
dyspareunia
Dyspareunia means painful intercourse. Falling estrogen after menopause thins the vaginal tissue, and local estrogen restores it.
Category: Estrogen and Progestin Therapy