The kidneys lie in the retroperitoneal space, behind the lining of the abdominal cavity.
Correct Answer
True
True. The kidneys sit against the posterior abdominal wall behind the parietal peritoneum, protected by fat, fascia and a fibrous capsule.
Category: Kidney Structure
Question 2
The right kidney usually sits slightly lower than the left because the liver lies above it.
Correct Answer
True
True. The large liver occupies the upper right abdomen, so the right kidney rests a little lower than the left.
Category: Kidney Structure
Question 3
Many drugs that are tightly bound to plasma proteins can still be removed in urine because the proximal tubule actively secretes them.
Correct Answer
True
True. Protein-bound drug is too large to pass the glomerular filter, but transporters in the proximal tubule move many such drugs from the peritubular blood into the tubule, and competition for these transporters explains some drug interactions.
Category: Nephron and Filtration
Question 4
Spinal cord injury can disrupt the nerve signals that control voiding, producing a neurogenic bladder that raises the risk of urinary tract infection.
Correct Answer
True
True. A neurogenic bladder may not empty completely, and the stagnant residual urine lets bacteria multiply; Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke can also alter bladder control.
Category: Incontinence and UTI
Question 5
Urinary obstruction from an enlarged prostate is a postrenal cause of acute kidney injury.
Correct Answer
True
True. Postrenal injury results when urine cannot drain, so it backs up, raises pressure in the tubules and lowers GFR; benign prostatic hyperplasia is a classic cause.
Category: Renal Disorders
Question 6
Iodinated contrast media given for imaging can directly injure kidney tissue, an intrarenal cause of acute kidney injury.
Correct Answer
True
True. Contrast media, aminoglycosides and heavy metals are nephrotoxins that damage the tubules themselves, which places them among intrarenal causes.
Category: Renal Disorders
Question 7
Kidney failure can cause fluid volume excess because the kidneys cannot excrete enough sodium and water.
Correct Answer
True
True. When filtration falls, sodium and water are retained, so fluid builds up in the vessels and tissues and shows up as edema, weight gain, hypertension and crackles in the lungs.
Category: Fluid Volume Excess
Question 8
Indwelling urinary catheters raise the risk of urinary tract infection, so they are used only when needed and removed as soon as possible.
Correct Answer
True
True. A catheter gives bacteria a direct path into the bladder, and catheter-associated infections are common in hospitals, so limiting catheter use is a key prevention measure.
Category: Incontinence and UTI
Question 9
Polycystic kidney disease is an inherited disorder in which fluid-filled cysts replace normal kidney tissue.
Correct Answer
True
True. The cysts enlarge over time and can cause pain, bleeding, infection, kidney stones, hypertension and progressive kidney failure.
Category: Renal Disorders
Question 10
Hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in Bowman's capsule opposes glomerular filtration.
Correct Answer
True
True. Filtrate already in the capsule pushes back against fluid leaving the capillaries, and this pressure rises when urine flow is obstructed, which lowers GFR.
Category: Nephron and Filtration
Question 11
Healthy glomeruli filter large amounts of albumin into the urine.
Correct Answer
False
False. The glomerular filter blocks most plasma proteins by size and by negative charge, so albumin in the urine is a sign of glomerular damage.
Category: Nephron and Filtration
Question 12
Fluid volume excess typically raises the blood urea nitrogen level.
Correct Answer
False
False. BUN varies inversely with fluid balance, so extra body water dilutes it and the level tends to fall; a high BUN is more typical of dehydration or reduced kidney function.
Category: Fluid Volume Excess
Question 13
Strong sympathetic stimulation during hemorrhage dilates the renal arterioles and increases GFR.
Correct Answer
False
False. Intense sympathetic activity constricts the renal arterioles and lowers GFR, which reduces urine output and helps preserve blood volume.
Category: Renal Regulation
Question 14
When the macula densa senses increased sodium chloride delivery, the afferent arteriole dilates to raise GFR.
Correct Answer
False
False. In tubuloglomerular feedback, high sodium chloride delivery signals the afferent arteriole to constrict, which lowers GFR back toward normal.
Category: Renal Regulation
Question 15
The kidneys release erythropoietin when the oxygen level in their tissue rises.
Correct Answer
False
False. Erythropoietin is released when kidney tissue oxygen falls, and it stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
Category: Renal Regulation
Question 16
The female urethra is longer than the male urethra.
Correct Answer
False
False. The female urethra is much shorter than the male urethra, which is one reason bacteria reach the bladder more easily and urinary tract infections are more common in females.
Category: Lower Urinary Tract
Question 17
Urge incontinence is caused mainly by weak pelvic floor muscles.
Correct Answer
False
False. Urge incontinence results from an overactive detrusor muscle that contracts before the person can reach a toilet; weak pelvic floor support causes stress incontinence.
Category: Incontinence and UTI
Question 18
Pyelonephritis usually develops when bacteria reach the kidney through the bloodstream.
Correct Answer
False
False. Most kidney infections ascend from the urethra and bladder up the ureter, which is why bladder infection, reflux and catheters are risk factors.
Category: Renal Disorders
Question 19
The renal pelvis is the outer region of the kidney that contains the renal corpuscles.
Correct Answer
False
False. The renal corpuscles lie in the outer cortex; the renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped space in the center of the kidney that collects urine and leads into the ureter.
Category: Kidney Structure
Question 20
Mixed incontinence is a combination of overflow and functional incontinence.
Correct Answer
False
False. Mixed incontinence combines urge and stress symptoms and is especially common in older females.
Category: Incontinence and UTI