Photographer Lewis Hine documented children at work in mills, mines and factories to build public support for child labor laws.
Missing Word
Hine
Lewis Hine's photographs of young workers, taken for the National Child Labor Committee, showed the public what child labor looked like. His images helped build support for state child labor laws and the federal Keating-Owen Act of 1916.
Category: Social Reform
Question 2
The socialist novelist Upton Sinclair exposed filthy conditions in Chicago meatpacking plants in The Jungle.
Missing Word
Sinclair
Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle mainly to expose the plight of packinghouse workers. Readers reacted most to the unsanitary food, which helped pass federal meat inspection and food and drug laws in 1906.
Category: Muckrakers
Question 3
Jane Addams co-founded Hull House in Chicago, one of the best-known settlement houses of the era.
Missing Word
Addams
Jane Addams opened Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889. Settlement houses offered education, child care and health services to poor immigrant neighborhoods, and their workers became leading reform advocates.
Category: Social Reform
Question 4
Members of the radical Industrial Workers of the World, a union that sought to overthrow capitalism, were nicknamed Wobblies.
Missing Word
Wobblies
The IWW, founded in 1905 and led by William Haywood, organized all workers in an industry and favored direct action and general strikes. Its members, called Wobblies, faced harsh government and vigilante repression.
Category: Social Reform
Question 5
Some early twentieth-century reformers embraced eugenics, a pseudoscience that aimed to improve the population by controlling who could have children.
Missing Word
eugenics
Eugenics claimed that society could be improved by encouraging the supposedly fit to have children and discouraging others. It reflected the racial and class prejudices of many reformers of the era and has been discredited.
Category: Social Reform
Question 6
The recall lets citizens remove an elected official from office before the term ends by means of a petition and a special election.
Missing Word
recall
The recall was one of several Progressive tools, alongside the initiative and referendum, meant to give voters direct control over government. It let voters hold officials accountable between regular elections.
Category: Democratic Reforms
Question 7
Alice Paul led the National Woman's Party, whose members picketed the White House and endured hunger strikes in jail.
Missing Word
Paul
Alice Paul broke with the mainstream suffrage association over tactics and led a more militant campaign. Her group's protests during World War I kept pressure on President Wilson to back a suffrage amendment.
Category: Women's Suffrage
Question 8
In August 1920, Tennessee became the thirty-sixth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, completing its addition to the Constitution.
Missing Word
Tennessee
Ratification required three-fourths of the states, which was thirty-six at the time. Tennessee's vote in August 1920 met that mark and made the amendment part of the Constitution.
Category: Women's Suffrage
Question 9
In 1881 Booker T. Washington became the first principal of an Alabama school later known as the Tuskegee Institute, which trained Black students in practical trades.
Missing Word
Tuskegee
The school opened in 1881 as a normal school for training Black teachers and later took the name Tuskegee Institute. Washington led it until his death in 1915, and it reflected his belief that vocational skills and economic self-help were the path to Black advancement.
Category: African American Activism
Question 10
In 1905 W. E. B. Du Bois and other Black leaders formed the Niagara Movement to demand immediate civil and political equality.
Missing Word
Niagara
The Niagara Movement took its name from Niagara Falls, where its founders met on the Canadian side to avoid segregation. It rejected Booker T. Washington's gradual approach and helped lead to the NAACP.
Category: African American Activism
Question 11
Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901 after an assassin shot William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo.
Missing Word
McKinley
McKinley's assassination in 1901 put his vice president, Theodore Roosevelt, in the White House at age forty-two. Roosevelt brought Progressive reform to the federal government.
Category: Roosevelt's Presidency
Question 12
Gifford Pinchot, the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, championed conservation, managing forests and other resources for wise long-term use rather than leaving them untouched.
Missing Word
conservation
Conservation, as Pinchot and Roosevelt practiced it, meant managing natural resources so they could be used efficiently for generations. Roosevelt's administration added large national forests, parks and preserves.
Category: Roosevelt's Presidency
Question 13
In 1908 Theodore Roosevelt handpicked his secretary of war, William Howard Taft, as his successor in the White House.
Missing Word
Taft
Roosevelt honored his pledge not to seek another term and backed Taft, who defeated William Jennings Bryan in 1908. The two men later split, which divided the Republican Party in 1912.
Category: Taft and Wilson
Question 14
Democratic candidate Wilson called his 1912 program of breaking up monopolies to restore competition among smaller businesses the New Freedom.
Missing Word
Wilson
Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom held that government should restore open competition by attacking monopolies rather than regulating them as permanent fixtures. It contrasted with Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism, which accepted big business under strong federal oversight.
Category: Taft and Wilson
Question 15
The Adamson Act of 1916 put in place the first federally required eight-hour workday for railroad workers.
Missing Word
Adamson
Wilson pushed the Adamson Act through Congress in 1916 to head off a national railroad strike. It set an eight-hour day for interstate railroad workers, a sign of Wilson's growing support for labor late in his first term.
Category: Taft and Wilson