Crowded, poorly ventilated rental buildings known as tenements housed many working-class families in the Lower East Side of Manhattan.
Missing Word
tenements
Tenements were multifamily apartment buildings with little light, air or plumbing. Exposing their conditions became a major goal of urban reformers.
Category: Urban Problems
Question 2
Danish-born police reporter Jacob Riis exposed slum conditions in his 1890 book How the Other Half Lives.
Missing Word
Riis
Jacob Riis used photographs and lectures to show readers how the urban poor lived. His work helped win reforms of tenement housing.
Category: Urban Problems
Question 3
Thomas Edison patented a practical incandescent light bulb, and commercial power plants soon began lighting city streets and buildings.
Missing Word
Edison
Edison's incandescent bulb and early power stations brought electric light to cities. Electric light let factories and streets operate after dark.
Category: City Technology
Question 4
Jane Addams cofounded Hull House in Chicago in 1889 and later won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Missing Word
Addams
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr opened Hull House, the most famous American settlement house, to serve immigrant and working-class neighbors. Addams was also active in the suffrage and peace movements and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Category: Urban Reform
Question 5
Nurse and reformer Lillian Wald cofounded the Henry Street Settlement on Manhattan's Lower East Side.
Missing Word
Wald
Lillian Wald and fellow nurse Mary Brewster started the settlement, which offered nursing care and social services to poor families. Wald also helped create the National Child Labor Committee.
Category: Urban Reform
Question 6
Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted codesigned Central Park and helped shape the City Beautiful movement.
Missing Word
Olmsted
Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won the 1858 design competition for Central Park, a large green space for a crowded city. Olmsted went on to plan many other public parks and laid out the grounds of the 1893 Chicago world's fair.
Category: Urban Reform
Question 7
Opened in 1892 in New York Harbor, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island processed millions of newcomers.
Missing Word
Ellis
Ellis Island was the main entry point for immigrants arriving in New York. Doctors there screened arrivals for contagious disease before admission.
Category: New Immigration
Question 8
The political attitude that favored native-born Americans over immigrants and sought to restrict immigration is called nativism.
Missing Word
nativism
Nativism grew as new immigrants arrived from southern and eastern Europe. Nativist groups such as the Immigration Restriction League, founded in 1894, pushed for a literacy test to limit immigration.
Category: Nativism
Question 9
The boss who ran New York's Tammany Hall machine and became a symbol of urban corruption was William Tweed.
Missing Word
Tweed
William Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, controlled Democratic politics in New York City and profited from city contracts. His name became shorthand for machine corruption.
Category: Machine Politics
Question 10
Chicago architect Daniel Burnham directed the building of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and later drew up a plan that kept Chicago's lakefront as public parkland.
Missing Word
Burnham
Daniel Burnham oversaw the design and construction of the fair's grand White City, which became a model for City Beautiful planning. His 1909 Plan of Chicago called for parks, wide boulevards and a lakefront open to the public.
Category: Urban Reform
Question 11
The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 supported a national system of public land-grant colleges.
Missing Word
Morrill
The Morrill Acts created land-grant colleges that taught agriculture, engineering and other practical fields. They greatly expanded access to higher education.
Category: Education
Question 12
Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859) argued that species evolve through natural selection.
Missing Word
Darwin
Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection explained how species change over time. Others later misapplied his ideas to human society.
Category: Ideas and Literature
Question 13
British philosopher Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" and applied evolutionary ideas to human society.
Missing Word
Spencer
Herbert Spencer helped popularize the view that competition in society weeds out the weak. American followers used it to oppose reform and defend great fortunes.
Category: Ideas and Literature
Question 14
William James championed pragmatism, a philosophy holding that ideas should be judged by testing them against real experience.
Missing Word
pragmatism
Pragmatism measures ideas by their practical consequences rather than abstract principles. William James was its best-known American promoter.
Category: Ideas and Literature
Question 15
Mark Twain, author of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, also coauthored the 1873 novel that gave the era its nickname, The Gilded Age.
Missing Word
Twain
Mark Twain, the pen name of Samuel Clemens, was a leading realist writer. The Gilded Age, written with Charles Dudley Warner, satirized greed and corruption beneath the era's glittering surface.
Category: Ideas and Literature