Thomas Edison's phonograph was the first machine able to record sound and play it back.
Missing Word
phonograph
The phonograph, invented in 1877, recorded sound waves on a cylinder and replayed them, one of the many devices to come out of Edison's laboratory.
Category: Age of Invention
Question 2
The typewriter, which spread through offices in the late 1800s, let clerks print letters on paper by striking its keys.
Missing Word
typewriter
The typewriter, along with the cash register and adding machine, transformed office work and opened many clerical jobs to women.
Category: Age of Invention
Question 3
In 1886 George Westinghouse founded an electric company that promoted alternating current, which could send power much farther than direct current.
Missing Word
Westinghouse
Westinghouse backed alternating current, which could travel long distances, while Edison's direct current reached only about two miles from a power station.
Category: Age of Invention
Question 4
Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie rose from bobbin boy in a cotton mill to master of a vast steel empire.
Missing Word
Carnegie
Carnegie's rise from poverty made him a symbol of the self-made man, and his steel company used up-to-date equipment and vertical integration to dominate the industry.
Category: Steel and Oil Empires
Question 5
John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in 1870 and built it into the dominant force in American oil refining.
Missing Word
Rockefeller
Rockefeller combined rebates, horizontal and vertical integration and the trust device to control the great majority of the nation's refining.
Category: Steel and Oil Empires
Question 6
Standard Oil's refineries turned crude oil into kerosene, a fuel burned in household lamps.
Missing Word
kerosene
Before automobiles created demand for gasoline, kerosene for lighting was the chief product of oil refining, and its price fell sharply as Standard Oil grew.
Category: Steel and Oil Empires
Question 7
Sole control of an entire market by a single seller, with no competitors at all, is called a monopoly.
Missing Word
monopoly
A monopoly lets one company set prices without competition, which is why critics and the Sherman Antitrust Act targeted giant combinations.
Category: Steel and Oil Empires
Question 8
Cornelius Vanderbilt combined several lines into the New York Central Railroad, connecting New York City with Chicago.
Missing Word
Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt was one of the railroad tycoons whose consolidation of rail lines concentrated control of transportation in a few hands.
Category: Railroads and Finance
Question 9
Novelist Horatio Alger wrote popular rags-to-riches stories in which poor boys rose through luck and pluck.
Missing Word
Alger
Alger's stories spread the belief that hard work and character could lift anyone out of poverty, an idea that rarely matched factory workers' real lives.
Category: Business Ideas
Question 10
Engineer Frederick Taylor promoted scientific management, timing each step of a job with a stopwatch to raise factory efficiency.
Missing Word
Taylor
Taylor's methods treated workers as interchangeable parts of production and pushed for maximum output from every motion.
Category: Working Conditions
Question 11
President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal troops to put down the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
Missing Word
Hayes
Hayes used the army to restore rail service after the strike spread to cities across the country, and the workers won nothing.
Category: Labor Unions and Strikes
Question 12
After the 1886 Haymarket bombing in Chicago, authorities arrested and convicted several anarchists, radicals who rejected all forms of government.
Missing Word
anarchists
Anarchists oppose all government; their convictions after Haymarket helped tie organized labor to radicalism in the public mind.
Category: Labor Unions and Strikes
Question 13
Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor, which organized skilled workers in craft unions.
Missing Word
Gompers
Gompers favored practical gains in wages and hours, and the AFL he led grew into the largest labor federation of the early twentieth century.
Category: Labor Unions and Strikes
Question 14
Eugene V. Debs, head of the American Railway Union, went to jail after the Pullman Strike of 1894.
Missing Word
Debs
Debs led the boycott of Pullman cars and was jailed for defying a federal court order to end the strike; he later became a leading socialist.
Category: Labor Unions and Strikes
Question 15
The Singer company sold its sewing machines on credit with a plan of a dollar down and a dollar a week.
Missing Word
Singer
Singer's installment plan let families buy an expensive machine with small payments, an early example of consumer credit.
Category: Consumer Culture