The trachea divides into the right and left main bronchi, which carry air into each lung.
Missing Word
bronchi
The bronchi are the major air passages that branch from the trachea into the lungs. Inside each lung they keep dividing into smaller and smaller airways.
Category: Lower Airway Structures
Question 2
Inside red blood cells, oxygen travels to the tissues bound to the iron-containing protein hemoglobin.
Missing Word
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs and carries it to organs and tissues. Oxygen saturation reports the share of hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen.
Category: Gas Exchange
Question 3
The smallest airways, which keep branching until they become microscopic and end at the air sacs, are the bronchioles.
Missing Word
bronchioles
Bronchioles branch from the bronchi and carry air to the alveoli. They have smooth muscle in their walls, which is why their narrowing matters so much in asthma.
Category: Lower Airway Structures
Question 4
Sensors that detect blood levels of carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and oxygen and then adjust the breathing rate are chemoreceptors.
Missing Word
chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors respond to chemical changes in the blood. Rising carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions prompt faster breathing, and falling levels slow it.
Category: Control of Breathing
Question 5
The trachea is held open and kept from collapsing by C-shaped rings of cartilage.
Missing Word
cartilage
Cartilage gives the trachea firm support so it stays open as air pressure changes during breathing. Its wall also contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
Category: Lower Airway Structures
Question 6
Hairlike projections on the cells of the respiratory lining that beat to sweep mucus and trapped particles up and out of the airway are cilia.
Missing Word
cilia
Cilia move the mucus layer and the dust and microbes caught in it toward the throat, where it can be swallowed or coughed out. Smoking damages cilia and slows this clearance.
Category: Upper Airway Structures
Question 7
The muscles between the ribs that help expand the chest during inhalation are the intercostal muscles.
Missing Word
intercostal
The intercostal muscles lift and spread the ribs as the diaphragm contracts. During quiet exhalation they relax along with the diaphragm.
Category: Control of Breathing
Question 8
Mucus in the respiratory lining is secreted by goblet cells, named for their cup-like shape.
Missing Word
goblet
Goblet cells are scattered among the ciliated cells of the respiratory mucosa. The mucus they produce traps inhaled particles so the cilia can clear them.
Category: Upper Airway Structures
Question 9
Infection or inflammation of the lining of the paranasal cavities, which can be acute, chronic or recurring, is sinusitis.
Missing Word
sinusitis
Sinusitis inflames the mucous lining of these air-filled cavities and can cause facial pain, headache, nasal drainage and swelling around the eyes. Treatment may include pain relievers, decongestants and, when the cause is bacterial, antibiotics.
Category: Upper Respiratory Conditions
Question 10
Each lung is divided by deep fissures into sections called lobes.
Missing Word
lobes
The lungs are divided into lobes, with the right lung having more lobes than the left. Lobes help describe where findings such as pneumonia are located.
Category: Lower Airway Structures
Question 11
Inflammation of the voice box that causes sudden hoarseness, difficulty speaking and an irritating cough is laryngitis.
Missing Word
laryngitis
Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx. It usually clears without treatment, and hoarseness is the symptom that sets it apart from other upper respiratory conditions.
Category: Upper Respiratory Conditions
Question 12
The pulmonary function test in which a client breathes forcefully into a mouthpiece to measure airflow, and which is typically used to diagnose asthma, is spirometry.
Missing Word
spirometry
Spirometry measures how much air a person can move and how quickly. It is the pulmonary function test typically used to diagnose asthma once symptoms appear.
Category: Lower Respiratory Conditions
Question 13
The hollow, air-filled spaces in the facial bones around the nose that produce mucus and drain into the nasal cavity are the sinuses.
Missing Word
sinuses
The paranasal sinuses lighten the skull and produce mucus that helps clean inhaled air. They are normally empty except for a thin layer of mucus and drain into the nose.
Category: Upper Airway Structures
Question 14
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Missing Word
emphysema
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis both obstruct airflow and are grouped together as COPD. In emphysema, damaged alveolar walls weaken and rupture into large air spaces, so less oxygen reaches the blood.
Category: Lower Respiratory Conditions
Question 15
Inflammation of the throat, which most people simply call a sore throat, is known medically as pharyngitis.
Missing Word
pharyngitis
Pharyngitis causes a sore, dry or scratchy throat with pain on swallowing or speaking. It may be viral, bacterial, allergic or caused by reflux, and treatment depends on the cause.
Category: Upper Respiratory Conditions