Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death that typically does not induce an inflammatory response.
Correct Answer
True
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell deletion that involves controlled dismantling of cellular components, leading to phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies without releasing cellular contents into the extracellular space, thus avoiding inflammation.
Question 2
The cardinal sign 'rubor' (redness) observed during acute inflammation is primarily caused by vasodilation and increased blood flow to the injured area.
Correct Answer
True
Rubor (redness) and calor (heat) are direct results of increased blood flow (hyperemia) due to vasodilation at the site of inflammation.
Question 3
Adaptive immunity provides immediate, non-specific protection against pathogens upon initial exposure.
Correct Answer
False
Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific protection. Adaptive immunity is specific and takes time to develop upon initial exposure, but offers memory for faster, stronger responses on subsequent exposures.
Question 4
Metaplasia is a reversible cellular adaptation where one mature cell type is replaced by another, often in response to chronic irritation.
Correct Answer
True
Metaplasia is indeed a reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another mature cell type, often to better withstand stress, such as squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract of smokers.
Question 5
Neutrophils are the predominant leukocyte type found in the inflammatory infiltrate of most chronic inflammatory conditions.
Correct Answer
False
Neutrophils are characteristic of acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation is predominantly characterized by macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
Question 6
Type I hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergic asthma, are primarily mediated by IgG antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces.
Correct Answer
False
Type I hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., allergic asthma, anaphylaxis) are mediated by IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of inflammatory mediators. Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG/IgM binding to cell surface antigens.
Question 7
Ischemia is the most common cause of cellular injury and death, primarily by leading to a reduction in oxygen supply.
Correct Answer
True
Ischemia, which is reduced blood flow, is the most frequent cause of hypoxia (reduced oxygen) and anoxia (complete absence of oxygen), leading to impaired cellular metabolism and injury.
Question 8
Free radicals cause cellular damage primarily through lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, protein modification, and DNA damage.
Correct Answer
True
Free radicals are highly reactive species that cause oxidative stress, leading to damage to lipids (lipid peroxidation), proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA), impairing cell function and integrity.
Question 9
Dysplasia is always a pre-cancerous lesion and inevitably progresses to invasive malignancy if left untreated.
Correct Answer
False
While dysplasia is a disordered growth that can be a precursor to cancer, it is not always pre-cancerous and can be reversible. Not all dysplastic lesions progress to malignancy.
Question 10
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from non-self antigens, leading to an attack on the body's own tissues.
Correct Answer
True
Autoimmunity is characterized by a breakdown of self-tolerance, where the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body's own healthy cells and tissues.
Question 11
The primary function of exudate formation during acute inflammation is to dilute toxins and deliver plasma proteins and immune cells to the site of injury.
Correct Answer
True
Exudate, a fluid rich in proteins and cells, serves to dilute harmful substances, deliver antibodies and complement proteins, and facilitate the migration of leukocytes to the inflamed area.
Question 12
Genetic mutations always result in a pathological phenotype that is clinically evident at birth or during early childhood.
Correct Answer
False
Genetic mutations can be silent, cause late-onset diseases, or result in phenotypes that are mild or only manifest under specific environmental conditions, not necessarily at birth.
Question 13
Hydropic swelling, characterized by cellular edema, is a hallmark of irreversible cell injury due to severe mitochondrial damage.
Correct Answer
False
Hydropic swelling is a sign of reversible cell injury, primarily due to the failure of the ATP-dependent Na+/K+ pump, leading to intracellular accumulation of water. Irreversible injury is characterized by membrane damage and nuclear changes.
Question 14
Natural Killer (NK) cells are components of the adaptive immune system that specifically recognize and destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
Correct Answer
False
NK cells are part of the innate immune system. They recognize and kill target cells (like virus-infected or tumor cells) without prior sensitization or specific antigen recognition, unlike adaptive immune cells.
Question 15
Most common chronic diseases, suchs as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis, are primarily caused by a single, highly penetrant genetic defect.
Correct Answer
False
Most common chronic diseases are multifactorial, resulting from complex interactions between multiple genetic predispositions and environmental factors, rather than a single genetic defect.
Question 16
The complement system plays roles in opsonization, chemotaxis, and inflammation, in addition to direct cell lysis.
Correct Answer
True
The complement system is a critical part of innate immunity with multiple functions, including opsonization (marking pathogens), chemotaxis (attracting phagocytes), promoting inflammation, and direct lysis of target cells.
Question 17
Chronic inflammation is characterized by the simultaneous presence of active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair, often leading to fibrosis.
Correct Answer
True
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged process where active inflammation, tissue injury, and healing (including fibrosis and angiogenesis) occur concurrently, often leading to organ damage and functional impairment.
Question 18
Fever during systemic inflammation is primarily mediated by the direct action of bacterial endotoxins on the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer
False
While bacterial products can trigger fever, they do so indirectly by stimulating immune cells (e.g., macrophages) to release endogenous pyrogens like IL-1, TNF-alpha, and prostaglandins, which then act on the hypothalamus.
Question 19
Neoplasia is characterized by uncontrolled, autonomous cell growth that is always malignant and capable of metastasis.
Correct Answer
False
Neoplasia refers to new, abnormal growth of cells, which can be either benign (non-cancerous and non-metastatic) or malignant (cancerous and potentially metastatic).
Question 20
Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a primary decrease in plasma bicarbonate concentration, often compensated by increased respiratory rate.
Correct Answer
True
Metabolic acidosis is indeed defined by a primary reduction in serum bicarbonate (HCO3-). The body attempts to compensate by increasing ventilation (Kussmaul breathing) to reduce CO2 and raise pH.
Question 21
T lymphocytes are central to cell-mediated immunity, directly killing infected cells or regulating other immune responses.
Correct Answer
True
T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, which involves direct killing of virus-infected or cancerous cells by cytotoxic T cells, and regulation of immune responses by helper T cells.
Question 22
Edema, or swelling, is always caused by a decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure, leading to fluid retention within the interstitial space.
Correct Answer
False
Edema is caused by an imbalance in fluid exchange, which can result from *increased* capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or impaired lymphatic drainage.