The most common cause of cellular injury is hypoxia, which results from a lack of oxygen disrupting aerobic respiration.
Missing Word
hypoxia
Hypoxia impairs oxidative phosphorylation, leading to ATP depletion and subsequent cellular dysfunction and injury.
Question 2
Rubor, one of the five cardinal signs of inflammation, describes the redness resulting from increased blood flow to the injured tissue.
Missing Word
Rubor
Rubor, or redness, is caused by vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area.
Question 3
A decrease in cell size and number, known as atrophy, occurs in tissues due to disuse, denervation, or diminished nutrition.
Missing Word
atrophy
Atrophy is the reduction in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and/or number.
Question 4
Phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system, providing immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens.
Missing Word
innate
Innate immunity provides the body's first line of defense, characterized by rapid, non-specific responses to common pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
Question 5
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a highly regulated process that eliminates unwanted or damaged cells without causing inflammation.
Missing Word
apoptosis
Apoptosis is a form of controlled cell death that involves a series of specific molecular events, leading to cell elimination without triggering an inflammatory response.
Question 6
Persistent infection or prolonged exposure to irritants can lead to chronic inflammation, characterized by the simultaneous presence of active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair.
Missing Word
chronic
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged inflammatory response that can lead to tissue damage and fibrosis due to persistent noxious stimuli.
Question 7
The production of antibodies by B lymphocytes is central to humoral immunity, which targets extracellular pathogens and toxins.
Missing Word
humoral
Humoral immunity involves B lymphocytes and the production of antibodies that circulate in bodily fluids to neutralize pathogens.
Question 8
Unregulated cell death due to acute injury, known as necrosis, often results in cellular swelling, rupture, and subsequent inflammation.
Missing Word
necrosis
Necrosis is a form of uncontrolled cell death that occurs when cells are exposed to severe injury, leading to cell lysis and an inflammatory reaction.
Question 9
An increase in hydrostatic pressure or a decrease in osmotic pressure can cause edema, the accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces.
Missing Word
edema
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces, resulting from an imbalance between forces regulating fluid movement across capillaries.
Question 10
An exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an antigen, such as in allergies, is termed hypersensitivity.
Missing Word
hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage, occurring when the immune system overreacts to otherwise harmless antigens.
Question 11
The reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another, such as columnar epithelium transforming into squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract of smokers, is called metaplasia.
Missing Word
metaplasia
Metaplasia is a reversible cellular adaptation where one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type, often in response to chronic irritation.
Question 12
Histamine and prostaglandins are key inflammatory mediators that increase vascular permeability and vasodilation, contributing to the signs of acute inflammation.
Missing Word
mediators
Inflammatory mediators are chemical substances released from cells or generated from plasma proteins that initiate and regulate inflammatory reactions.
Question 13
The failure of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens leads to autoimmunity, where the body attacks its own tissues.
Missing Word
autoimmunity
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly recognizes self-antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response against the body's own tissues.
Question 14
Reduced blood flow to a tissue, known as ischemia, is a common cause of cellular hypoxia and can lead to infarction if prolonged.
Missing Word
ischemia
Ischemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism.
Question 15
During acute inflammation, increased vascular permeability allows protein-rich fluid, known as exudate, to leak into the interstitial tissue.
Missing Word
exudate
Exudate is fluid that accumulates in the interstitial space during inflammation, characterized by a high protein concentration and often containing inflammatory cells.
Question 16
An increase in the size of individual cells, leading to an overall increase in organ size, is called hypertrophy, often seen in muscle tissue under increased workload.
Missing Word
hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, which in turn results in an increase in the size of the affected organ or tissue.
Question 17
Excessive deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix components, leading to scarring and organ dysfunction, is referred to as fibrosis.
Missing Word
fibrosis
Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue, often in response to injury or chronic inflammation, leading to scarring and impaired function.
Question 18
Disordered cellular growth, characterized by variations in cell size, shape, and organization, is termed dysplasia and can be a precursor to malignancy.
Missing Word
dysplasia
Dysplasia refers to abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization within a tissue, often considered a precancerous condition.
Question 19
Fever, leukocytosis, and acute-phase protein production are examples of the systemic response to inflammation, often triggered by cytokines like IL-1 and TNF.
Missing Word
systemic
The systemic response to inflammation involves widespread physiological changes throughout the body, mediated by inflammatory cytokines.