Vasculitis can cause blood to leak from damaged vessels, forming purple spots called petechiae.
Missing Word
petechiae
Vasculitis, inflammation of blood vessels, can weaken vessel walls and cause them to leak. This leakage of blood into the surrounding tissues results in small, non-blanching, purple or red spots on the skin called petechiae, which are a characteristic sign of certain systemic infections.
Question 2
The lymph reenters the vascular circulation at the subclavian veins.
Missing Word
the subclavian veins
The lymphatic system collects excess fluid and proteins from tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. The lymph re-enters the vascular circulation at the subclavian veins, located near the base of the neck, ensuring fluid balance and immune cell circulation.
Question 3
Lyme disease is characterized by a(n) bull’s eye-rash that forms at the site of infection.
Missing Word
bull’s eye-rash
Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, is often characterized by a distinctive skin rash called erythema migrans. This rash typically appears as a circular, expanding lesion with a central clearing, resembling a bull's eye, at the site of the tick bite.
Question 4
Septic shock refers to a loss of blood pressure resulting from a system-wide infection.
Missing Words
Septic, shock
Septic shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by a severe drop in blood pressure due to a systemic inflammatory response triggered by a widespread infection. This vasodilation and fluid leakage lead to inadequate tissue perfusion and organ dysfunction.
Question 5
Burkitt lymphoma is a cancer that forms in patients with HHV-4 and malaria coinfections.
Missing Words
Burkitt, lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma is strongly associated with coinfection by HHV-4 (Epstein-Barr virus) and malaria. The chronic immune stimulation caused by malaria impairs the immune system's ability to control EBV-infected B cells, increasing the risk of malignant transformation.
Question 6
Arboviruses are transmitted by vectors such as ticks or mosquitoes.
Missing Word
Arboviruses
Arboviruses, short for arthropod-borne viruses, are a group of viruses transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts through the bite of infected arthropods. Common vectors include mosquitoes, ticks, and other biting insects, which acquire the virus by feeding on infected animals.
Question 7
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus infections.
Missing Word
Epstein-Barr virus
Infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as mono or the kissing disease, is primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV infects B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, leading to the characteristic symptoms of fever, sore throat, and fatigue.
Question 8
The Anopheles mosquito is the biological vector for malaria.
Missing Word
Anopheles
The Anopheles mosquito serves as the definitive host and biological vector for the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. During a blood meal, the mosquito transmits sporozoites to humans, initiating the parasitic infection within the human host.
Question 9
The kissing bug is the biological vector for Chagas disease.
Missing Words
Chagas, disease
Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans and animals by triatomine bugs, commonly known as 'kissing bugs'. The parasite is present in the bug's feces and enters the host through breaks in the skin.
Question 10
Cercarial dermatitis is also known as swimmer’s itch.
Missing Word
swimmer’s itch
Cercarial dermatitis, also known as swimmer's itch, is a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. These parasites are released from infected snails into fresh and saltwater and can penetrate the skin of swimmers.