Antibodies involved in type I hypersensitivities are of the IgE class.
Missing Word
IgE
Type I hypersensitivities, such as allergies, are mediated by IgE antibodies. These antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils, and upon subsequent exposure to the allergen, trigger the release of inflammatory mediators, leading to allergic symptoms.
Question 2
Allergy shots work by shifting antibody responses to produce IgG antibodies.
Missing Word
IgG
Allergy shots (immunotherapy) aim to desensitize individuals to allergens by shifting the antibody response from IgE to IgG. IgG antibodies can bind the allergen and prevent it from binding to IgE on mast cells, thus reducing the allergic reaction.
Question 3
A person who is blood type A would have IgM hemagglutinin antibodies against type B red blood cells in their plasma.
Missing Word
type B
Individuals with blood type A have A antigens on their red blood cells and produce IgM antibodies against the B antigen. These anti-B antibodies are called hemagglutinins because they can cause agglutination (clumping) of type B red blood cells.
Question 4
The itchy and blistering rash that develops with contact to poison ivy is caused by a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
Missing Word
type IV
Contact dermatitis, like that caused by poison ivy, is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells. Upon exposure, T cells become sensitized to the allergen and, upon subsequent exposure, release cytokines that cause inflammation and tissue damage at the site of contact.
Question 5
The thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that acts like thyroid-stimulating hormone and causes Graves disease is an antibody to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
Missing Word
thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor
In Graves' disease, the body produces thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), which is an autoantibody that binds to and activates the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). This mimics the action of TSH, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones and hyperthyroidism.
Question 6
For a transplant to have the best chances of avoiding rejection, the genes coding for the MHC molecules should be closely matched between donor and recipient.
Missing Word
MHC
MHC molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex), also known as HLA in humans, present antigens to T cells. A close match minimizes T cell recognition of the transplanted tissue as foreign, reducing the risk of rejection.
Question 7
Because it is a “transplant” that can include APCs and T cells from the donor, a bone marrow transplant may induce a very specific type of rejection known as graft-versus-host disease.
Missing Word
graft-versus-host
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurs when the transplanted immune cells (graft) recognize the recipient's tissues (host) as foreign and mount an immune response against them. This is a unique complication of bone marrow transplants due to the transfer of immunocompetent cells.
Question 8
Diseases due to genetic abnormalities are termed primary immunodeficiencies.
Missing Word
genetic
Primary immunodeficiencies are caused by inherited genetic defects that affect the development or function of the immune system. These defects can impact various components, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.
Question 9
A secondary immunodeficiency is acquired, rather than genetic.
Missing Word
acquired
Secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired due to external factors such as infections, malnutrition, or immunosuppressive drugs. Unlike primary immunodeficiencies, they are not caused by genetic mutations.
Question 10
A preventive cancer vaccine is one that stops the disease from occurring in the first place.
Missing Word
preventive
Preventive cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells before a tumor develops. They target antigens associated with cancer development to prevent the disease from occurring.
Question 11
A therapeutic cancer vaccine is one that will help to treat the disease after it has occurred.
Missing Word
therapeutic
Therapeutic cancer vaccines are designed to boost the immune response against existing cancer cells in patients already diagnosed with the disease. They aim to help the immune system eliminate or control the growth of the tumor.