Because its preganglionic neurons arise in the brain stem and the sacral spinal cord, the parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division.
Missing Word
craniosacral
Craniosacral describes the outflow of the parasympathetic division, which leaves through cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and through sacral spinal segments.
Category: Parasympathetic Division
Question 2
The alpha and beta classes of receptors, which bind norepinephrine and epinephrine, are called adrenergic receptors.
Missing Word
adrenergic
Adrenergic receptors respond to the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. They include alpha-1, alpha-2 and the beta subtypes, all of which are G protein-coupled.
Category: Chemical Signaling
Question 3
The G protein-coupled cholinergic receptors found on parasympathetic target cells are called muscarinic receptors.
Missing Word
muscarinic
Muscarinic receptors bind acetylcholine on target organs of the parasympathetic division and on sweat glands. They act through G proteins, unlike nicotinic receptors.
Category: Chemical Signaling
Question 4
Cells of the adrenal medulla that release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood are called chromaffin cells.
Missing Word
chromaffin
Chromaffin cells are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons with no axons. When stimulated by preganglionic fibers, they secrete catecholamines as hormones.
Category: Sympathetic Division
Question 5
Sympathetic chain ganglia are also called paravertebral ganglia because they lie on either side of the spinal column.
Missing Word
paravertebral
Paravertebral means beside the vertebrae. These ganglia form the sympathetic chains, in contrast to the prevertebral collateral ganglia that lie in front of the vertebral column.
Category: Sympathetic Division
Question 6
The greater splanchnic nerve carries preganglionic sympathetic fibers through the chain without synapsing to reach the celiac ganglion.
Missing Word
splanchnic
Splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers that pass through the chain ganglia to synapse in collateral ganglia serving the abdominal and pelvic organs.
Category: Sympathetic Division
Question 7
The network of neurons in the wall of the digestive tract that can control gut activity on its own forms the enteric nervous system.
Missing Word
enteric
The enteric nervous system contains networks of neurons within the gut wall that can control motility and secretion locally through short reflexes, while being modulated by autonomic input.
Category: Reflexes and Homeostasis
Question 8
Stretch-sensitive receptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch that monitor blood pressure are called baroreceptors.
Missing Word
baroreceptors
Baroreceptors are mechanoreceptors that fire more as rising pressure stretches the vessel wall, providing the sensory input for reflexes that adjust heart rate and vessel diameter.
Category: Reflexes and Homeostasis
Question 9
The clinical term for dilation of the pupil, the opposite of miosis, is mydriasis.
Missing Word
mydriasis
Mydriasis is widening of the pupil, produced by sympathetic contraction of the radial iris fibers or by drugs that block parasympathetic constriction. Miosis is pupil constriction.
Category: Reflexes and Homeostasis
Question 10
Pilocarpine is used to lower intraocular pressure in the eye disease called glaucoma.
Missing Word
glaucoma
Glaucoma is damage to the optic nerve associated with elevated pressure inside the eye. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic agonist, contracts the ciliary muscle and improves fluid drainage, lowering that pressure.
Category: Autonomic Drugs
Question 11
Drugs that block alpha or beta receptors to reduce sympathetic effects, such as propranolol, are classified as sympatholytic drugs.
Missing Word
sympatholytic
Sympatholytic drugs reduce sympathetic effects, usually by blocking alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. They are the opposite of sympathomimetic drugs.
Category: Autonomic Drugs
Question 12
In the United States, the anticholinergic drug commonly delivered by skin patch to prevent motion sickness is called scopolamine.
Missing Word
scopolamine
Scopolamine is a muscarinic antagonist related to atropine. A transdermal patch releases a small, steady dose that reduces the nausea of motion sickness.
Category: Autonomic Drugs
Question 13
The drug in tobacco that stimulates both autonomic divisions by acting at receptors on ganglionic neurons is nicotine.
Missing Word
nicotine
Nicotine mimics acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons, so it activates sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia alike.
Category: Autonomic Drugs
Question 14
The amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate gyrus are parts of the limbic lobe, which is involved in emotion and memory.
Missing Word
limbic
The limbic lobe is a ring of cortex and related structures on the medial side of the cerebrum. Its strong connections to autonomic control centers let emotions trigger autonomic responses.
Category: Central Control
Question 15
The brain region that links the nervous and endocrine systems and serves as the main control center for autonomic homeostasis is the hypothalamus.
Missing Word
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus integrates information about the internal environment and adjusts both autonomic output and pituitary hormone release to keep variables near their set points.
Category: Central Control