The clinical term for an abnormal accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues is edema.
Missing Word
edema
Edema is the buildup of excess water in the tissues, often caused by increased capillary pressure, low plasma proteins or blocked lymph drainage.
Category: Fluid Compartments
Question 2
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration is called osmosis.
Missing Word
osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water along an osmotic gradient, and it moves water between plasma, interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid as solute concentrations change.
Category: Fluid Compartments
Question 3
The adrenal cortex hormone that causes the distal tubules and collecting ducts to reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+ is aldosterone.
Missing Word
aldosterone
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid released when blood potassium rises or blood pressure falls. Because water follows the reabsorbed sodium, it also helps conserve body water.
Category: Hormonal Regulation
Question 4
The enzyme released by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney that begins the cascade producing angiotensin II is renin.
Missing Word
renin
Renin is secreted when blood pressure or blood volume falls. It converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II.
Category: Hormonal Regulation
Question 5
The main extracellular cation, which accounts for much of the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid, is sodium.
Missing Word
sodium
Sodium is the most abundant cation outside cells, so it largely determines extracellular osmolality and, with it, where water moves.
Category: Electrolyte Balance
Question 6
The anion that pairs with carbonic acid in the main chemical defense of extracellular fluid against pH change is bicarbonate.
Missing Word
bicarbonate
Bicarbonate is the weak base of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer. It combines with added hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid, limiting the fall in pH.
Category: Buffer Systems
Question 7
An abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood is called hypokalemia.
Missing Word
hypokalemia
Hypokalemia is low blood potassium. It can result from vomiting, diarrhea, starvation or alkalosis and affects nerve and muscle excitability.
Category: Electrolyte Balance
Question 8
The active form of vitamin D that intestinal cells require in order to absorb calcium is calcitriol.
Missing Word
calcitriol
Calcitriol is made in the kidneys under the influence of parathyroid hormone and increases calcium absorption from the small intestine.
Category: Electrolyte Balance
Question 9
The conscious desire to drink that arises when blood osmolality rises is called thirst.
Missing Word
thirst
Thirst is triggered when hypothalamic osmoreceptors sense concentrated blood, and also by angiotensin II and a dry mouth. Drinking then restores body water.
Category: Water Balance
Question 10
A solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or a base is added is called a buffer.
Missing Word
buffer
A buffer is a pair of a weak acid and its weak base that binds or releases hydrogen ions to keep pH stable. Blood relies on protein, phosphate and bicarbonate systems.
Category: Buffer Systems
Question 11
Sensory receptors in the carotid and aortic bodies and the medulla oblongata that monitor blood pH and carbon dioxide are called chemoreceptors.
Missing Word
chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors detect chemical changes such as rising carbon dioxide or falling pH and signal the respiratory centers to change the breathing rate.
Category: Respiratory and Renal Control
Question 12
A substance such as alcohol or caffeine that increases urine output is called a diuretic.
Missing Word
diuretic
A diuretic increases the volume of urine produced. Diuretic drugs are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure.
Category: Water Balance
Question 13
Within red blood cells, the oxygen-carrying protein that also binds and buffers hydrogen ions is hemoglobin.
Missing Word
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin buffers the hydrogen ions released as carbon dioxide is converted in red blood cells, which limits pH change in venous blood.
Category: Buffer Systems
Question 14
The fluid matrix of blood, which forms the intravascular part of the extracellular fluid, is plasma.
Missing Word
plasma
Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. It is the extracellular fluid held within the blood vessels, as opposed to the interstitial fluid around cells.
Category: Fluid Compartments
Question 15
The organs that adjust the carbonic acid component of blood within minutes by changing how much carbon dioxide is exhaled are the lungs.
Missing Word
lungs
The lungs regulate blood carbonic acid by controlling carbon dioxide removal, which is the fastest physiological way to correct pH.
Category: Respiratory and Renal Control