The primary brain vesicle known as the hindbrain is the rhombencephalon.
Missing Word
rhombencephalon
The rhombencephalon is the most posterior of the three primary brain vesicles. It later divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon, which form the pons, cerebellum and medulla.
Category: Embryonic Development
Question 2
The myelencephalon is the secondary brain vesicle that develops into the medulla oblongata.
Missing Word
myelencephalon
The myelencephalon is the posterior division of the rhombencephalon. It is the only secondary vesicle that becomes the medulla oblongata, the lowest part of the brain stem.
Category: Embryonic Development
Question 3
A raised ridge of cerebral cortex lying between two grooves is called a gyrus.
Missing Word
gyrus
A gyrus is a fold of cortex on the surface of the cerebrum, and the grooves between gyri are sulci. Folding greatly increases the surface area of cortex that fits inside the skull.
Category: Brain Regions
Question 4
The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
Missing Word
temporal
The temporal lobe lies below the lateral sulcus. Its superior part contains the primary auditory cortex, which receives hearing information relayed through the thalamus.
Category: Brain Regions
Question 5
The pons is the brain stem region that lies between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata and links the cerebrum with the cerebellum.
Missing Word
pons
The pons, whose name means bridge, is the middle section of the brain stem. Its large tracts are the main route connecting the cerebrum to the cerebellum.
Category: Brain Regions
Question 6
Neurons of the substantia nigra release the neurotransmitter dopamine in the striatum, and loss of these neurons causes Parkinson's disease.
Missing Word
dopamine
Dopamine from the substantia nigra modulates the basal nuclei to favor the initiation of movement. When these neurons degenerate, as in Parkinson's disease, movement becomes slow and difficult to start.
Category: Brain Regions
Question 7
The thoracic region of the spinal cord gives rise to 12 pairs of spinal nerves.
Missing Word
12
There are 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves, T1 through T12, matching the 12 thoracic vertebrae. Most of them run between the ribs as intercostal nerves.
Category: Spinal Cord
Question 8
Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection.
Missing Word
Meningitis
Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges. Fever, headache and a stiff neck are typical, bacterial forms are the most dangerous, and a lumbar puncture is the main diagnostic test.
Category: Meninges and CSF
Question 9
The brain contains 4 ventricles, which are cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Missing Word
4
The brain has 4 ventricles: two lateral ventricles in the cerebrum, the third ventricle in the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle between the brain stem and cerebellum.
Category: Meninges and CSF
Question 10
A stroke is a sudden loss of brain function that results when a blocked or ruptured artery cuts off blood flow to part of the brain.
Missing Word
stroke
A stroke occurs when brain tissue is deprived of blood long enough for neurons to die. The symptoms depend on which artery is affected and therefore which brain region loses its supply.
Category: Blood Supply
Question 11
The phrenic nerve arises from the cervical plexus and is the motor nerve to the diaphragm.
Missing Word
phrenic
The phrenic nerve forms from cervical spinal nerves and descends through the thorax to the diaphragm. Because it drives breathing, high cervical spinal cord injury can stop respiration.
Category: Peripheral Nerves
Question 12
The sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in the body, arises from the sacral plexus and divides into the tibial and common fibular nerves.
Missing Word
sciatic
The sciatic nerve runs down the back of the thigh and usually splits just above the knee into the tibial and common fibular nerves. Irritation of it or its roots causes the radiating leg pain called sciatica.
Category: Peripheral Nerves
Question 13
The epineurium is the outer layer of dense connective tissue that encloses an entire nerve.
Missing Word
epineurium
The epineurium is the outermost wrapping of a nerve. Inside it, the perineurium surrounds each fascicle and the endoneurium surrounds each individual axon.
Category: Peripheral Nerves
Question 14
The olfactory nerve is cranial nerve I and carries the sense of smell.
Missing Word
olfactory
The olfactory nerve is a purely sensory cranial nerve whose fibers pass from the nasal cavity through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb. Loss of its function is called anosmia.
Category: Peripheral Nerves
Question 15
A ganglion is a cluster of neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.
Missing Word
ganglion
A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord, such as a dorsal root ganglion. A similar cluster inside the central nervous system is called a nucleus.
Category: Peripheral Nerves