The testes hang below the body in the scrotum, which keeps them slightly cooler than core body temperature for sperm production.
Missing Word
scrotum
The scrotum is the skin pouch that holds the testes outside the body cavity. The lower temperature there favors sperm production.
Category: Genitourinary Structure
Question 2
Attachment of a fertilized egg to the uterine wall, the step that leads to pregnancy, is called implantation.
Missing Word
implantation
Implantation occurs when the developing embryo attaches to the uterine lining. When it happens outside the uterus, most often in a fallopian tube, the result is an ectopic pregnancy.
Category: Genitourinary Structure
Question 3
Pelvic nodules found on examination may be evaluated by laparoscopy, viewing the pelvic organs through a lighted scope placed through small abdominal incisions.
Missing Word
laparoscopy
Laparoscopy lets the provider see and biopsy pelvic lesions to confirm a diagnosis such as endometriosis and judge its severity. It is less invasive than open surgery.
Category: Female Reproductive Disorders
Question 4
Examining the cervix under magnification to evaluate suspicious areas after an abnormal HPV-related result is called colposcopy.
Missing Word
colposcopy
Colposcopy uses a magnifying instrument to inspect the cervix and guide biopsy. It follows up abnormal screening results linked to high-risk HPV types.
Category: Sexually Transmitted Infections
Question 5
An undescended testicle, a risk factor for testicular cancer, is called cryptorchidism.
Missing Word
cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism means a testicle has not moved down into the scrotum. It raises the risk of testicular cancer later in life.
Category: Male Reproductive Disorders
Question 6
Surgical removal of a testicle, the most common treatment for testicular cancer, is called an orchiectomy.
Missing Word
orchiectomy
An orchiectomy removes the affected testicle. Usually only one is removed, and the remaining testicle often makes enough testosterone and sperm.
Category: Male Reproductive Disorders
Question 7
Involuntary leakage of urine, a possible effect of surgery or radiation for prostate cancer, is called incontinence.
Missing Word
incontinence
Incontinence is loss of bladder control. Along with erectile dysfunction, it is a known adverse effect of prostate cancer treatment that patients should be told about.
Category: Prostate Disorders
Question 8
Surgical removal of the gland that surrounds the male urethra just below the bladder is a prostatectomy.
Missing Word
prostatectomy
A prostatectomy removes all or part of the prostate. A radical prostatectomy removes the entire gland to treat cancer, and a simple prostatectomy removes enlarged tissue in benign hyperplasia.
Category: Prostate Disorders
Question 9
Treatment given after breast cancer surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells and lower the risk of recurrence, such as hormone therapy, is called adjuvant therapy.
Missing Word
adjuvant
Adjuvant therapy follows the main treatment to eliminate residual cancer cells. Treatment given before surgery to shrink a tumor is instead called neoadjuvant therapy.
Category: Breast Cancer
Question 10
Removal of the uterus, an option for large fibroids that cause heavy bleeding, is a hysterectomy.
Missing Word
hysterectomy
A hysterectomy removes the uterus and ends menstruation and the ability to carry a pregnancy. Smaller fibroids may instead be removed individually or treated with endometrial ablation.
Category: Female Reproductive Disorders
Question 11
Surgical removal of a breast, sometimes done before any cancer is found in people at very high risk, is called a mastectomy.
Missing Word
mastectomy
A mastectomy removes breast tissue. It may be prophylactic in people with strong family history or genetic mutations, or done after diagnosis for invasive cancer.
Category: Breast Cancer
Question 12
Radiation for prostate cancer can inflame the lining of the rectum, causing diarrhea and rectal leakage, a complication called radiation proctitis.
Missing Word
proctitis
Proctitis is inflammation of the rectum. The rectum lies just behind the prostate and receives some of the radiation, so patients are taught to report bowel changes.
Category: Prostate Disorders
Question 13
Never having given birth, called nulliparity, is one of the reproductive risk factors for breast cancer.
Missing Word
nulliparity
Nulliparity, like a late age at first birth, early menarche and late menopause, is linked to greater lifetime estrogen exposure of breast tissue. Other risk factors include increasing age, BRCA mutations, family history, alcohol use and obesity.
Category: Breast Cancer
Question 14
Myoglobin, a protein released from damaged muscle, can build up in the kidneys, injure the tubules and lead to acute tubular necrosis.
Missing Word
Myoglobin
Myoglobin from injured muscle can clog the renal tubules and is toxic to tubular cells, reducing filtration. Early recognition and treatment can return kidney function toward baseline.
Category: Dialysis and Kidney Disease
Question 15
In peritoneal dialysis, the solution that dwells in the abdomen to draw out wastes and excess fluid before it is drained is called dialysate.
Missing Word
dialysate
Dialysate is the fluid placed in the peritoneal cavity through a catheter. After it dwells, it is drained along with the wastes and fluid it has drawn from the blood.
Category: Dialysis and Kidney Disease