Albuterol is a short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist often used as a rescue medication for acute asthma attacks.
Missing Word
rescue
Albuterol stimulates beta-2 receptors to relax airway smooth muscles and provide rapid bronchodilation during acute episodes.
Question 2
Asthma is a condition in which airways swell and become narrow, causing difficulty breathing and wheezing.
Missing Word
narrow
The combination of airway swelling, narrowing, and excess mucus production makes breathing difficult and can trigger coughing and wheezing.
Question 3
The main cause of COPD is tobacco smoke.
Missing Word
tobacco
Other causes include air pollution, family history, and certain respiratory infections, but tobacco smoking is the primary risk factor.
Question 4
COPD includes two main conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Missing Word
emphysema
Emphysema damages the alveoli, trapping old air, while chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus buildup in the bronchial tubes.
Question 5
Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that should not be used for quick relief during an asthma attack.
Missing Word
long-acting
Long-acting beta agonists are used for maintenance therapy to prevent symptoms, not for acute rescue. Albuterol is the appropriate rescue inhaler.
Question 6
Ipratropium bromide is a respiratory anticholinergic that works by blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the airways.
Missing Word
anticholinergic
Blocking acetylcholine relaxes airway smooth muscles and widens air passages, relieving wheezing and shortness of breath.
Question 7
Tiotropium is a long-acting anticholinergic used for the long-term maintenance treatment of COPD.
Missing Word
tiotropium
Tiotropium binds to muscarinic receptors in the airways to provide sustained bronchodilation and improve lung function in COPD.
Question 8
Theophylline is a xanthine derivative used to treat respiratory conditions and requires monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic index.
Missing Word
theophylline
Theophylline levels must be monitored carefully because toxicity can cause nausea, tachycardia, and seizures.
Question 9
Montelukast is a leukotriene modifier used in the management of asthma.
Missing Word
leukotriene
Leukotriene modifiers block inflammatory mediators that cause bronchoconstriction, mucus production, and airway edema.
Question 10
Guaifenesin is a common expectorant that helps liquefy mucus and make it easier to expel.
Missing Word
expectorant
Guaifenesin increases production of respiratory tract fluids to reduce mucus viscosity. It should only be used with productive coughs.
Question 11
Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic used to help clients clear thick mucus, and it also serves as the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity.
Missing Word
acetaminophen
Acetylcysteine breaks down mucus protein bonds when inhaled for respiratory conditions and replenishes glutathione when given for acetaminophen overdose.
Question 12
Inhaled corticosteroids reduce airway inflammation and are used as maintenance therapy in asthma.
Missing Word
maintenance
Inhaled corticosteroids are not for acute relief. They work over time to reduce the inflammatory process that causes airway swelling and mucus production.
Question 13
Emphysema is characterized by damage to the alveoli, which traps old carbon dioxide-rich air and reduces room for fresh oxygen.
Missing Word
alveoli
When alveoli are damaged, they lose their elasticity and cannot effectively push out old air, leading to air trapping and shortness of breath.
Question 14
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough lasting more than 3 months within a span of 2 years.
Missing Word
productive
The persistent cough with sputum production results from chronic inflammation and irritation of the bronchial tubes, usually caused by long-term irritant exposure.
Question 15
Epinephrine is used as an emergency treatment for severe allergic reactions and respiratory distress including anaphylaxis.
Missing Word
anaphylaxis
Epinephrine relaxes and opens air passages to allow easier breathing and reverses the life-threatening cardiovascular collapse of anaphylaxis.
Question 16
Obstructive lung diseases like asthma and COPD are characterized by airflow limitation due to inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
Missing Word
obstructive
Obstructive diseases limit airflow out of the lungs, unlike restrictive diseases which limit lung expansion and capacity.
Question 17
Mast cell stabilizers are a class of medications used to prevent the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators in asthma.
Missing Word
histamine
By stabilizing mast cells, these drugs prevent degranulation and the release of chemicals that trigger bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
Question 18
Clients receiving acetylcysteine should be monitored closely for bronchospasm, especially if they have asthma.
Missing Word
bronchospasm
Asthma clients are at higher risk for bronchospasm during acetylcysteine administration. The nurse should monitor respiratory status carefully.
Question 19
Beta-2 adrenergic receptors are predominantly found in the smooth muscles of the lungs, bronchioles, and blood vessels.
Missing Word
beta-2
Stimulating beta-2 receptors leads to bronchodilation and vasodilation, making these receptors the target for many respiratory medications.
Question 20
Gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
Missing Word
alveoli
The alveoli provide a large surface area with thin walls and rich blood supply to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.