Which of the following laboratory tests is typically used as an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate?
Creatinine
✓
Hematocrit
BUN
Sodium
Correct Answer
Creatinine
The creatinine level is viewed as a reasonable assessment of the GFR. Measurement of the actual GFR requires either an insulin infusion or radioisotope exposure.
Question 2
Which of the following factors favors glomerular filtration?
Oncotic pressure of the glomerular capillaries
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
✓
Hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule
Contraction of the mesangial cells
Correct Answer
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries promotes glomerular filtration, whereas the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule and the oncotic pressure of the glomerular capillaries oppose glomerular filtration.
Question 3
Infection is a risk factor for developing which type of incontinence?
Overflow
Stress
Urge
✓
Functional
Correct Answer
Urge
Risk factors for this type of incontinence include age, infection, and obstruction of the bladder outlet by an enlarged prostate gland.
Question 4
Which of the following structures contributes to blood pressure regulation?
Juxtaglomerular cells
✓
Vasa recta
Mesangial cells
Epithelial fenestra
Correct Answer
Juxtaglomerular cells
The juxtaglomerular cells regulate the release of renin.
Question 5
Which of the following effects is consistent with parasympathetic stimulation of the bladder?
Urinary reflux
Bladder contraction
✓
Bladder relaxation
Internal sphincter closure
Correct Answer
Bladder contraction
The parasympathetic stimulation contracts the detrusor muscle fibers in the bladder.
Question 6
The nurse is providing discharge teaching for an adult client who has experienced recurrent renal calculi. Which of these instructions is appropriate for this client?
Increase fluid intake to approximately 2–3 liters each day.
✓
Increase calcium intake.
Avoid consuming dark-colored fluids.
Increase protein intake from poultry and fish.
Correct Answer
Increase fluid intake to approximately 2–3 liters each day.
Increasing fluid intake decreases urine concentration, which in turn decreases the concentration of minerals in the urine that contribute to stone formation.
Question 7
The nurse is caring for a client with fluid volume excess. Which of the following manifestations is consistent with this condition?
Hypotension
Elevated hematocrit
Bradycardia
Jugular vein distention
✓
Correct Answer
Jugular vein distention
Fluid volume excess may be manifested by distention of the neck veins resulting from right heart failure.
Question 8
Which of the following is responsible for forming concentrated urine?
Cortical nephron
Glomerulus
Juxtamedullary nephron
✓
Renal pelvis
Correct Answer
Juxtamedullary nephron
Juxtamedullary nephrons comprise about 15% of all nephrons and are responsible for concentrating urine.
Question 9
Which of the following conditions is related to overflow incontinence?
Estrogen deprivation
Urethral obstruction
✓
Cognitive dysfunction
Escherichia coli infection
Correct Answer
Urethral obstruction
Functional incontinence occurs when an obstruction—such as a urethral obstruction due to enlargement of the prostate gland—interferes with bladder emptying and increases the post-void residual amounts.
Question 10
The nurse is caring for a client with renal colic. This finding is most commonly associated with which of the following conditions?
Renal artery stenosis
Glomerulonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Renal calculi
✓
Correct Answer
Renal calculi
Renal colic is the term most commonly used to describe the pain associated with kidney stones.