The fraction of an administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation in active, unchanged form is the drug's bioavailability.
Missing Word
bioavailability
Bioavailability is the share of a dose that reaches the general circulation unchanged. An IV drug is fully bioavailable, while an oral dose is reduced by incomplete absorption and the first-pass effect.
Category: Pharmacokinetics
Question 2
The first of the four pharmacokinetic processes is absorption, the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream.
Missing Word
absorption
Absorption is how a drug gets from where it was given into the blood. Its rate and extent depend on the route, formulation, blood flow, surface area and the presence of food.
Category: Pharmacokinetics
Question 3
Distribution is the pharmacokinetic process by which a drug spreads from the bloodstream into the body's tissues and fluids.
Missing Word
Distribution
Distribution depends on tissue blood flow, protein binding, membrane permeability and lipid solubility. Barriers such as the blood-brain barrier limit where some drugs can go.
Category: Pharmacokinetics
Question 4
Many drugs in the blood bind to albumin, the most abundant plasma protein, and only the unbound portion of the drug is active.
Missing Word
albumin
Albumin is the plasma protein that binds many drugs. A low albumin level or a competing drug can raise the free fraction and increase the risk of toxicity.
Category: Pharmacokinetics
Question 5
In receptor theory, an agonist is a drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates it to produce a response, as epinephrine does at beta-adrenergic sites.
Missing Word
agonist
An agonist has both affinity for a receptor and the ability to activate it, mimicking the body's own messenger. A drug that binds without activating the receptor has the opposite action.
Category: Pharmacodynamics
Question 6
Ibuprofen relieves pain and inflammation by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.
Missing Word
prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are lipid mediators that promote pain, fever and inflammation. Blocking their synthesis explains both the benefits of ibuprofen and some of its adverse effects.
Category: Pharmacodynamics
Question 7
The peak of a drug is the time at which it produces its maximum therapeutic response.
Missing Word
peak
Peak is the point of greatest drug effect, which usually follows the highest serum concentration. Onset comes before it, and the duration describes how long the effect lasts.
Category: Pharmacodynamics
Question 8
A buccal tablet is placed between the cheek and gum, where it dissolves and is absorbed through the oral mucosa.
Missing Word
buccal
The buccal route uses the vascular lining of the cheek, so the drug enters the blood quickly and avoids the first-pass effect. The client should not chew or swallow the tablet.
Category: Routes and Techniques
Question 9
Besides the kidneys, some drugs are excreted when the liver secretes them into bile, a digestive fluid stored in the gallbladder, so the drug leaves the body in the feces.
Missing Word
bile
Bile is the fluid the liver produces and the gallbladder stores, and it empties into the small intestine. Drugs secreted into it pass out of the body in the feces, so biliary excretion is one of the routes of elimination besides the urine, along with the lungs and skin.
Category: Pharmacokinetics
Question 10
The deltoid muscle, located using the acromion process as a landmark, is a common intramuscular site for small-volume injections such as vaccines.
Missing Word
deltoid
The deltoid is the shoulder muscle, and its injection site lies below the acromion process. Because the muscle is small, it accepts only small volumes.
Category: Routes and Techniques
Question 11
The ventrogluteal site is located by placing the heel of the hand on the greater trochanter and pointing the index finger toward the anterior superior iliac spine.
Missing Word
ventrogluteal
The ventrogluteal site lies in the gluteus medius of the hip and is away from major nerves and blood vessels. It is a common intramuscular site for adults.
Category: Routes and Techniques
Question 12
Unlike extravasation, which involves a drug that damages tissue, infiltration is the leakage of a nonvesicant IV solution from the vein into the surrounding tissue, leaving the site cool, pale and swollen.
Missing Word
infiltration
Infiltration happens when an IV catheter dislodges or the vein is damaged and fluid flows into the tissue instead of the vein. The nurse stops the infusion and removes the catheter. Extravasation is the term reserved for leakage of a vesicant drug, which can cause tissue death.
Category: Routes and Techniques
Question 13
Before withdrawing medication from a vial, a sealed container with a rubber stopper, the nurse injects a volume of air equal to the amount to be removed so that negative pressure does not build up inside.
Missing Word
vial
A vial is a glass or plastic container closed with a rubber stopper that the needle passes through, and it may hold a single dose or several doses. Injecting an equal volume of air keeps the pressure balanced so the medication draws up easily. An ampule, by contrast, has no stopper and must be broken open.
Category: Routes and Techniques
Question 14
Used needles are discarded immediately, without recapping, in a rigid, puncture-resistant sharps container.
Missing Word
sharps
A sharps container is the puncture-resistant box for used needles and other sharp items. Recapping and placing needles in regular trash both cause needlestick injuries.
Category: Medication Safety
Question 15
The affective learning domain involves a client's feelings, beliefs and attitudes, such as a fear of needles that interferes with learning injections.
Missing Word
affective
The affective domain covers emotions, values and attitudes. Addressing a client's fear or beliefs can be necessary before the client can learn the skills or facts.
Category: Client Education