The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Correct Answer
True
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system.
Question 2
The sympathetic nervous system is known as the rest and digest system.
Correct Answer
False
The parasympathetic nervous system is the rest and digest system. The sympathetic nervous system is the fight or flight system.
Question 3
Neurons send electrical signals to other neurons via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.
Correct Answer
True
Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system. They communicate by releasing neurotransmitters across synapses to transmit signals.
Question 4
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, GABA, and glutamate are all neurotransmitters.
Correct Answer
True
These are the primary neurotransmitters of the nervous system, each playing different roles in signal transmission.
Question 5
Cholinergic medications block the action of acetylcholine.
Correct Answer
False
Cholinergic medications stimulate acetylcholine and are known as parasympathomimetics. Anticholinergic medications block acetylcholine.
Question 6
Anticholinergic drugs result in sympathetic stimulation.
Correct Answer
True
Drugs that block acetylcholine (anticholinergic) reduce parasympathetic activity, which results in relative sympathetic stimulation.
Question 7
Adrenergic receptor agonists stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
Correct Answer
True
Sympathomimetic drugs mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system by stimulating adrenergic receptors.
Question 8
The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and somatic nervous systems.
Correct Answer
False
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is a separate division of the peripheral nervous system.
Question 9
The heart consists of four chambers: two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
Correct Answer
True
The two upper chambers (atria) receive blood entering the heart, and the two lower chambers (ventricles) pump blood out of the heart.
Question 10
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.
Correct Answer
False
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body (with the exception of the pulmonary vessels).
Question 11
Gas exchange occurs in the tissues via capillaries.
Correct Answer
True
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products occurs between blood and tissues.
Question 12
Systole refers to the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.
Correct Answer
False
Systole is the contraction of the heart chamber for pumping. Diastole is the relaxation of the heart chamber for filling.
Question 13
The coronary arteries supply the heart muscle itself with blood.
Correct Answer
True
The heart is supplied with blood by the coronary arteries, which branch off the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium.
Question 14
The venae cavae deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Correct Answer
False
The venae cavae deliver deoxygenated blood from the body tissues to the right atrium. The pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Question 15
Heart valves direct blood flow and prevent the backflow of blood through the heart.
Correct Answer
True
The heart contains valves (tricuspid, mitral, pulmonic, and aortic) that ensure blood flows in one direction and prevent regurgitation.
Question 16
The peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
Correct Answer
True
The peripheral nervous system includes the autonomic nervous system (which controls involuntary functions) and the somatic nervous system (which controls voluntary movements).
Question 17
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are fundamental neurotransmitters within the autonomic nervous system.
Correct Answer
True
Along with acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine are the fundamental neurotransmitters that mediate autonomic nervous system function.
Question 18
The right ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.
Correct Answer
False
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange via the pulmonary arteries. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.
Question 19
Parasympathomimetic drugs mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Correct Answer
True
Parasympathomimetic (cholinergic) drugs stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking or enhancing the action of acetylcholine.
Question 20
GABA is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Correct Answer
False
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter.
Question 21
The fight or flight response is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Correct Answer
False
The fight or flight response is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for emergency situations by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow.
Question 22
Nursing plays an integral role in the treatment of clients with cardiovascular disease.
Correct Answer
True
Nurses have many roles in cardiovascular care, including cardiovascular recovery and rehabilitation.
Question 23
The cardiac cycle includes both a contraction phase (systole) and a relaxation phase (diastole).
Correct Answer
True
The pumping action of the heart depends on the coordinated alternation between systole (contraction for pumping) and diastole (relaxation for filling).
Question 24
Deoxygenated blood from the body first enters the left atrium of the heart.
Correct Answer
False
Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium via the superior and inferior venae cavae, then moves to the right ventricle for transport to the lungs.
Question 25
The electrical conduction system of the heart regulates the pumping action.
Correct Answer
True
The reception and pumping of blood is conducted via a coordinated cardiac cycle and is regulated by the heart's electrical conduction system.