Stigma, a mark of disgrace that society attaches to a condition, can lead employers to see applicants with disabilities as less capable and to avoid hiring them.
Missing Word
Stigma
Stigma is the negative social label that marks a group as less than others. It feeds discrimination in hiring and can also discourage people from seeking care, so the nurse uses respectful, person-first language and advocates for equal treatment.
Category: Disability and Wellness
Question 2
Along with depression and arthritis, the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis is more common in females than in males.
Missing Word
osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a loss of bone density that makes bones fragile. Gender is a demographic factor in chronic disease, and osteoporosis, depression and arthritis all occur more often in females.
Category: Chronic Disease Concepts
Question 3
The prevalence of a disease is the proportion of a population living with it at a given time, counting both new and existing cases.
Missing Word
prevalence
Prevalence describes how widespread a disease is at a point in time and includes everyone who has it, not only new cases. Chronic diseases are highly prevalent in the United States, which is one reason prevention and population health are priorities.
Category: Chronic Disease Concepts
Question 4
Etiology is the medical term for the cause or set of causes of a disease, such as the inherited, lifestyle and environmental factors that contribute to high blood pressure.
Missing Word
Etiology
Etiology explains why a disease develops. Many chronic diseases have more than one cause, combining inherited risk with modifiable factors such as diet, activity and smoking, which is why lifestyle changes can lower risk.
Category: Chronic Disease Concepts
Question 5
Having several chronic conditions at the same time raises a person's risk of both serious illness and mortality, or death.
Missing Word
mortality
Mortality refers to death, while morbidity refers to illness. As chronic conditions accumulate, health care use and the risk of death both rise, so coordinated management of every condition matters.
Category: Comorbidity and Costs
Question 6
A family member or friend who gives ongoing, unpaid help with daily care to a person with a chronic illness is called a caregiver.
Missing Word
caregiver
A caregiver may help with transportation, medications, meals and personal care. Because the role can strain the caregiver's own health, the nurse includes caregivers in teaching and assesses their needs as well as the patient's.
Category: Access and Home Care
Question 7
Difficulty concentrating, remembering and making decisions describes a disability involving cognition, the mental processes of thinking and knowing.
Missing Word
cognition
Cognition is one of the CDC disability types, along with mobility, hearing, vision, self-care and independent living. A cognitive disability can affect a patient's ability to follow a complex treatment plan.
Category: Disability and Wellness
Question 8
Adherence is the extent to which a patient follows a treatment plan that the patient and care team agreed on, a term often preferred over compliance because it reflects partnership.
Missing Word
Adherence
Adherence stresses the patient's active agreement with the plan rather than obedience to orders. Barriers such as cost, side effects, complex regimens and limited understanding affect adherence, so the nurse explores them with the patient.
Category: Nursing Care in Chronic Illness
Question 9
A nurse with a hearing impairment can still auscultate heart and lung sounds by using an amplified stethoscope.
Missing Word
stethoscope
A stethoscope is the instrument used to listen to body sounds, and amplified models let nurses with hearing loss practice safely. Nurses with disabilities can continue to work, sometimes with accommodations or in roles away from the bedside.
Category: Disability and Wellness
Question 10
Like smoking cigarettes, vaping, the inhaling of aerosol from an electronic cigarette, is a modifiable risk factor for many chronic illnesses.
Missing Word
vaping
Vaping is the use of electronic cigarettes, and along with smoking it raises the risk of many chronic diseases. Because it is a choice the person controls, it is a key target for teaching and cessation support.
Category: Prevention and Lifestyle
Question 11
Secondary prevention relies on screening, testing people who have no symptoms so that a disease can be found early.
Missing Word
screening
Screening looks for disease before symptoms appear, when treatment is often more effective. People with added risk, such as a strong family history, may be screened earlier and more often than people at average risk.
Category: Prevention and Lifestyle
Question 12
Regular exercise is linked to a lower risk of heart disease, certain cancers, depression and dementia, a progressive decline in memory and thinking that interferes with daily life.
Missing Word
dementia
Dementia is a progressive loss of memory and thinking ability severe enough to disrupt daily function. Regular physical activity is associated with lower risk of dementia along with many other chronic diseases.
Category: Prevention and Lifestyle
Question 13
Because people with disabilities are less likely to finish school or to be employed, they face a higher risk of poverty, which limits their access to dental care and healthy food.
Missing Word
poverty
Poverty is a lack of enough income to meet basic needs. Lower education and employment rates among people with disabilities raise this risk, and limited income becomes a further barrier to care, medications and nutritious food, so the nurse screens for financial needs and refers to social services.
Category: Access and Home Care
Question 14
Before discharge, the nurse asks how a patient who uses a wheelchair will get to follow-up visits, because a lack of transportation, whether a car, a ride or an accessible bus, leads many people to delay care.
Missing Word
transportation
Transportation is a common barrier to care, and public transit often cannot accommodate people with disabilities or has limited routes and schedules. Asking about it before discharge lets the team arrange rides, community transit services or telehealth visits.
Category: Access and Home Care
Question 15
In the Chronic Care Model, health care organizations form alliances with schools, faith-based groups and local businesses so the community stays involved in the ongoing care of its members.
Missing Word
community
The community is one of the model's two foundations, alongside the health care organization. Partnerships with schools, faith groups, businesses and local programs extend prevention and support beyond the clinic.
Category: The Chronic Care Model