Pharmacology is the study of the biological effects of chemicals on the body.
Correct Answer
True
OpenStax defines pharmacology as the study of the biological effects of chemicals on the body, derived from the Greek words pharmakon (drug) and logos (study).
Category: Ch1-2
Question 2
Pharmacokinetics refers to what the drug does to the body.
Correct Answer
False
Pharmacokinetics refers to what the body does to the drug (how the body processes the drug). Pharmacodynamics refers to what the drug does to the body.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 3
The four primary processes of pharmacokinetics are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Correct Answer
True
These four processes describe the movement and chemical changes of a drug from the time it enters the body until it is eliminated.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 4
A drug administered intravenously has 100% bioavailability.
Correct Answer
True
IV medications enter the bloodstream directly with no barriers to absorption, making them immediately 100% bioavailable.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 5
Bioavailability refers to the total amount of drug administered to a patient.
Correct Answer
False
Bioavailability refers to the amount of the active drug that enters systemic circulation and is available at the site of action. Only a fraction of an administered dose may be bioavailable.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 6
First-pass metabolism occurs primarily in the kidneys.
Correct Answer
False
First-pass metabolism occurs primarily in the liver. Oral drugs absorbed from the GI tract are transported via the portal venous system to the liver, where enzymes transform them before they reach systemic circulation.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 7
Liquid formulations of oral medications are absorbed more rapidly than capsules or tablets.
Correct Answer
True
The formulation of a drug affects its absorption rate. Liquids do not need to be broken down like tablets and capsules, so they are absorbed faster.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 8
The half-life of a drug is the amount of time it takes for the serum concentration to reduce by 50%.
Correct Answer
True
For example, if a client takes a 500 mg tablet with a half-life of 4 hours, then 4 hours after administration, 250 mg of the drug remains.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 9
Only the protein-bound portion of a drug can produce a pharmacological effect.
Correct Answer
False
Only the free (unbound) portion of a drug can cross cell membranes and interact with receptors to produce effects. The protein-bound portion is pharmacologically inactive until released.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 10
The blood-brain barrier allows most drugs to easily enter the central nervous system.
Correct Answer
False
The blood-brain barrier is a protective system that prevents many drugs from entering the CNS. Only lipid-soluble or poorly protein-bound drugs can readily cross it.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 11
Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver play a major role in drug metabolism.
Correct Answer
True
CYP enzymes aid in the metabolism of drugs, primarily targeting lipid-soluble drugs. The liver is the primary site for CYP activity.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 12
Clients with liver disease may need dosage adjustments because of decreased metabolic activity.
Correct Answer
True
Liver disease or cirrhosis can decrease metabolic activity, making clients more susceptible to dose-related side effects and drug toxicity.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 13
A drug's generic name and brand name always refer to two different medications.
Correct Answer
False
The generic name and brand name refer to the same drug. The generic name is the official nonproprietary name, while the brand name is the proprietary name given by the manufacturer.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 14
Drug classifications group drugs based on their pharmacological action or body system effects.
Correct Answer
True
Drug classifications help organize medications by their therapeutic use, mechanism of action, or the body system they affect.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 15
A drug prototype is a representative drug used to illustrate an entire class of medications.
Correct Answer
True
Due to the large number of drugs in clinical practice, one drug is used as a representative prototype for each class to help facilitate student learning.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 16
Schedule I controlled substances have accepted medical uses and low potential for abuse.
Correct Answer
False
Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and NO currently accepted medical use in the United States. Schedule V drugs have the lowest potential for abuse.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 17
The nurse should assess renal function before administering medications that are excreted by the kidneys.
Correct Answer
True
BUN and serum creatinine are important tools to assess kidney function. Renal disorders may increase a drug's action and duration, requiring dosage adjustments.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 18
Drugs absorbed through the respiratory tract are absorbed slowly due to limited blood supply.
Correct Answer
False
Drugs administered via the respiratory tract are quickly absorbed due to the large surface area of the lungs, the rich blood supply, and the high permeability of the alveolar epithelium.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 19
AST and ALT are liver enzymes that help monitor for hepatic dysfunction.
Correct Answer
True
Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) are monitored because elevated levels may indicate hepatic dysfunction or liver damage.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 20
The small intestine has a smaller surface area for drug absorption than the stomach.
Correct Answer
False
The small intestine has many mucosal villi and microvilli that increase its surface area, allowing medications to be more rapidly absorbed compared to the stomach.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 21
Interprofessional collaboration in health care can improve client outcomes and reduce staff burnout.
Correct Answer
True
Interprofessional teamwork improves the efficiency of client care, helps lower costs, improves outcomes, enhances holistic care delivery, boosts job satisfaction, and reduces staff burnout.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 22
Lipid-soluble drugs are absorbed more quickly than water-soluble drugs.
Correct Answer
True
Lipid solubility is one of the factors affecting the rate of drug absorption. Lipid-soluble drugs cross cellular membranes more readily due to the lipid nature of cell membranes.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 23
Receptors exist specifically to bind with drugs.
Correct Answer
False
Receptors do not exist specifically to bind with drugs. They naturally bind with endogenous substances such as neurotransmitters or hormones. Drugs interact with receptors due to their chemical nature.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 24
Removing portions of the small intestine can significantly impact drug absorption.
Correct Answer
True
When areas of the small intestine are removed, this greatly impacts drug and nutrient absorption because the small intestine is the primary site of oral drug absorption.
Category: Ch1-2
Question 25
The nurse should use simple language and avoid medical jargon when counseling clients about medications.
Correct Answer
True
Communication between team members is key to preventing adverse drug events. The nurse should speak clearly and have the client repeat instructions back to assess understanding.
Category: Ch1-2