Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that causes the body's immune system to attack and destroy the beta cells in the pancreas.
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autoimmune
Without functioning beta cells, the pancreas cannot produce insulin, and clients will need insulin for the rest of their lives.
Question 2
Beta cells in the pancreas secrete insulin, which regulates glucose metabolism.
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insulin
Insulin facilitates absorption of glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy use and storage.
Question 3
Alpha cells in the pancreas produce glucagon, which breaks down glycogen into glucose in the liver.
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glucagon
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose.
Question 4
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot use it effectively.
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insulin
Type 2 diabetes involves varying degrees of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, affecting about 90-95% of all diabetes cases.
Question 5
The 15-15 rule for treating hypoglycemia involves consuming 15 grams of carbohydrates and rechecking blood glucose after 15 minutes.
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carbohydrates
If blood glucose remains under 70 mg/dL after 15 minutes, the process is repeated until the level reaches at least 70 mg/dL.
Question 6
Glucagon can be given intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously to treat severe hypoglycemia when the client cannot eat or drink.
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glucagon
Glucagon is used when blood glucose is too low to treat with the 15-15 rule or when the client is unconscious.
Question 7
Hyperglycemia occurs when the blood glucose level is above the normal range due to too little insulin or insulin resistance.
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hyperglycemia
Persistently elevated blood glucose damages blood vessels and organs, leading to complications of diabetes.
Question 8
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia associated with alterations in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
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metabolic
The disruption of glucose homeostasis affects not just carbohydrate metabolism but also protein and fat metabolism throughout the body.
Question 9
Approximately 90-95% of adults with diabetes in the United States have type 2 diabetes.
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type 2
Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 and is associated with lifestyle factors, obesity, and insulin resistance.
Question 10
Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes symptoms are gradual in onset.
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gradual
Type 1 diabetes symptoms develop quickly, while type 2 develops slowly over time, sometimes going undiagnosed for years.
Question 11
Clients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin for the rest of their lives because their bodies cannot produce it.
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insulin
The autoimmune destruction of beta cells is permanent, making exogenous insulin replacement essential for survival.
Question 12
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects the average blood glucose levels over approximately 2 to 3 months.
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hemoglobin
HbA1c measures the percentage of hemoglobin with attached glucose, providing a long-term picture of blood sugar control.
Question 13
The pancreas maintains blood sugar homeostasis by producing both glucagon and insulin.
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homeostasis
Glucagon raises blood sugar when it is too low, and insulin lowers blood sugar when it is too high, maintaining balance.
Question 14
Type 2 diabetes may be managed with healthy eating, physical activity, or medications including insulin and oral diabetic drugs.
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oral
Treatment depends on severity and may start with lifestyle changes alone, progressing to oral medications and eventually insulin if needed.
Question 15
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed first-line medication for type 2 diabetes.
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metformin
Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity without causing hypoglycemia when used alone.
Question 16
Rapid-acting insulin begins working within 15 minutes and is used to cover mealtime blood glucose spikes.
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rapid-acting
Rapid-acting insulins like lispro and aspart are timed with meals to manage postprandial glucose elevations.
Question 17
Long-acting insulin like glargine provides a steady baseline of insulin coverage over approximately 24 hours.
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glargine
Long-acting insulin mimics the body's natural basal insulin secretion, providing consistent glucose control throughout the day.
Question 18
Sulfonylureas stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to release more insulin.
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sulfonylureas
Because they stimulate insulin release regardless of blood glucose level, sulfonylureas carry a risk of hypoglycemia.
Question 19
A blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL is generally considered hypoglycemia.
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hypoglycemia
Symptoms of hypoglycemia include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and dizziness. Severe cases can lead to loss of consciousness.
Question 20
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication more commonly seen in type 1 diabetes when the body breaks down fat for energy and produces ketones.
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ketones
Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells, so the body metabolizes fat, producing acidic ketones that can be life-threatening.